Food Funct. 2021 Dec 3. doi: 10.1039/d1fo03033g
Rui Zhao 1, Leilei Zhou 1, Shanshan Wang 1, Guoping Xiong 2, Liping Hao 1
Epidemiological studies have investigated the associations between vitamin D and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes; however, the results are conflicting and dose-response relationships remain to be confirmed. This study aimed to summarize previous studies on the associations of vitamin D levels with the risk of
- gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM),
- pre-eclampsia (PE),
- gestational hypertension (GH),
and caesarean section (C-section), and to clarify the dose-response trends. PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to identify eligible articles. A total of 69 prospective observational studies including cohort studies, case-cohort studies, or nested case-control studies were included in the current systematic review, of which 68 studies were available for meta-analysis.
Compared with the lowest level, the highest level of 25(OH)D was significantly associated with a lower risk of
- GDM (RR: 0.76; 95% CI: 0.66-0.87),
- PE (RR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.60-0.90;), and
- GH (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.79-0.97);
however, no significant relationship was found for
(C-section (RR: 1.00; 95% CI: 0.90-1.12).
There was significant between-study heterogeneity for GDM (I2 = 69.2%; Pheterogeneity < 0.001), PE (I2 = 52.0%; Pheterogeneity = 0.001), and C-section (I2 = 59.1%; Pheterogeneity < 0.001), while no heterogeneity was found for GH (I2 = 0.0%; Pheterogeneity = 0.676).
For each 25 nmol L-1 increase in 25(OH)D, the pooled RR was
- 0.92 (95% CI: 0.86-0.97) for GDM and
- 0.89 (95% CI: 0.84-0.94) for PE, respectively.
Notably, the dose-response analysis showed a non-linear relationship between maternal 25(OH)D levels and the risk of PE (Pnon-linearity = 0.009). Our meta-analysis provides further scientific evidence of the inverse association between 25(OH)D levels and the risk of GDM, PE, and GH, which may be useful for the prevention of pregnancy complications. However, more evidence from prospective studies is needed regarding the dietary intake of vitamin D during pregnancy.
Vitamin D Life pages with PREECLAMPSIA in title (56 as of May 2022)
This list is automatcially updated
Items found: 57
| Title | | Modified |
| Vitamin D supplementation decreased the risk of preeclampsia by 39% – meta-analysis Feb 2024 | | 07 Mar, 2024 |
| Preeclampsia reduced by Vitamin D - many studies | | 01 May, 2023 |
| 200 IU of Vitamin D does not prevent preeclampsia – RCT Aug 2012 | | 01 May, 2023 |
| Preeclampsia and Vitamin D - many studies | | 01 May, 2023 |
| Preeclampsia reduced by 33 percent if high vitamin D – meta-analysis Feb 2023 | | 23 Feb, 2023 |
| Risk of preeclampsia should drop to nearly zero at 60 ng of Vitamin D – July 2022 | | 22 Jul, 2022 |
| Vitamin D reduces preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and hypertension - 38th meta-analysis Dec 2021 | | 31 May, 2022 |
| Low Vitamin D associated with preeclampsia - meta-analysis Feb 2022 | | 24 Mar, 2022 |
| Seasonal variation on preeclampsia is correlated with sunlight intensity - June 2010 | | 28 Oct, 2021 |
| No Preeclampsia during pregnancy if more than 60 ng of vitamin D – RCT July 2013 | | 02 Jul, 2021 |
| Child 49 percent higher risk of being overweight if preeclampsia during pregnancy – Sept 2017 | | 02 Jul, 2021 |
| Hypertension in pregnancy (preeclampsia) more frequent in winter (low vitamin D) – Jan 2015 | | 22 Jun, 2021 |
| Preeclampsia (hypertension while pregnant) varies with season (O.R. 0.57) – June 2021 | | 22 Jun, 2021 |
| Preeclampsia (low vitamin D) doubles the risk of later cardiovascular problems – Sept 2019 | | 07 Oct, 2019 |
| Preeclampsia 11X more likely if poor Vitamin D Binding Protein (South Africa) - Sept 2019 | | 29 Sep, 2019 |
| Vitamin D cuts pregnancy risks in half – low birth weight, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes – Cochrane July 2019 | | 12 Sep, 2019 |
| Preeclampsia 2.7 X less likely if 50,000 IU of Vitamin D every 2 weeks – meta-analysis Sept 2019 | | 06 Sep, 2019 |
| Preeclampsia 2X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – April 2019 | | 23 Apr, 2019 |
| Preeclampsia 3X more likely if low vitamin D at 25th week – April 2012 | | 20 Feb, 2019 |
| Preeclampsia 2.7X more frequent if low vitamin D – meta-analysis Sept 2013 | | 20 Feb, 2019 |
| Preeclampsia rate cut in half by high level of vitamin D – meta-analysis March 2014 | | 20 Feb, 2019 |
| Preeclampsia risk reduced 7X by 4,000 IU of Vitamin D daily – RCT March 2018 | | 20 Feb, 2019 |
| Preeclampsia of offspring cut in half if mother who smoked had vitamin D fortified margarine – Dec 2017 | | 20 Feb, 2019 |
| Preeclampsia is not reduced by vitamin D (if you ignore vitamin D level, dose size, frequency and duration) – July 2017 | | 20 Feb, 2019 |
| Preeclampsia inversely proportional to serum Magnesium – Oct 2014 | | 20 Feb, 2019 |
| Preeclampsia risk reduced by higher levels of vitamin D (VDAART 4,400 IU) - RCT Nov 2016 | | 20 Feb, 2019 |
| Preeclampsia reduced 1.7 X by aspirin (but reduced 7 X by Vitamin D) – Feb 2018 | | 22 Aug, 2018 |
| Vitamin D Receptor is associated with preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and preterm birth – Nov 2017 | | 10 Nov, 2017 |
| Preeclampsia reduced 2X by Vitamin D, by 5X if also add Calcium – meta-analysis Oct 2017 | | 24 Oct, 2017 |
| Preeclampsia risk reduced 60 percent if supplement with Vitamin D (they ignored dose size) – meta-analysis Sept 2017 | | 08 Sep, 2017 |
| Risk of preeclampsia might be cut in half if take an amount of Vitamin D – meta-analysis Sept 2017 | | 04 Sep, 2017 |
| Preeclampsia reoccurred half as often if get 50,000 IU of Vitamin D every two weeks – Aug 2017 | | 22 Aug, 2017 |
| Dark-skined mothers: preeclampsia 12X more likely if gestational hypertension – May 2014 | | 17 Aug, 2017 |
| Preeclampsia recurrence reduced 2 X by 50,000 IU of vitamin D every two weeks – RCT July 2017 | | 17 Jul, 2017 |
| Preeclampsia doubles the risk of mild cognitive impairment – July 2017 | | 05 Jul, 2017 |
| Preeclampsia changes to Vitamin D Binding Protein reduces Vitamin D in placenta – Dec 2016 | | 18 Dec, 2016 |
| Preeclampsia 3.5 times more likely if low vitamin D (affects 348 Vit. D genes) – RCT Nov 2016 | | 15 Nov, 2016 |
| Vitamin D supplementation of all pregnant women (in UK) would be cost effective – just considering preeclampsia – March 2016 | | 09 Jul, 2016 |
| Preeclampsia 4X less likely if vitamin D levels increased by 8 ng during pregnancy – March 2016 | | 05 Apr, 2016 |
| Preeclampsia 2X more likely if low vitamin D, unless adjust for vitamin D factors (BMI, skin color) – Dec 2015 | | 21 Jan, 2016 |
| 2X more preeclampsia when vitamin D less than 30 ng, etc. - meta-analysis March 2013 | | 16 Jan, 2016 |
| Preeclampsia and eclampsia associated with lower vitamin D, etc. – Sept 2015 | | 13 Nov, 2015 |
| Preeclampsia increased risk of Congenital Heart Defects by 60 percent (vitamin D not mentioned) Oct 2015 | | 28 Oct, 2015 |
| 5,000 IU Vitamin D was not enough to reduce preeclampsia but did help future infant – RCT April 2014 | | 15 Oct, 2015 |
| Preeclampsia reduced by Vitamin D (50,000 IU bi-weekly) and Calcium – Oct 2015 | | 15 Oct, 2015 |
| Why preeclampsia is 5X more likely if vitamin D insufficient – Jan 2015 | | 06 Sep, 2015 |
| Preeclampsia – hypothesis as to why vitamin D helps – June 2015 | | 09 Jun, 2015 |
| Preeclampsia was prevented or treated by vitamin D in majority of studies – review May 2015 | | 26 May, 2015 |
| Women with low vitamin D 4X more likely to have preeclampsia in pregnancy – Nov 2010 | | 28 Mar, 2015 |
| 7X increase in early severe preeclampsia associated with low vitamin D – Aug 2012 | | 20 Mar, 2015 |
| High blood pressure during pregnancy (preeclampsia) associated with low vitamin D, c-section – Jan 2015 | | 22 Jan, 2015 |
| Preeclampsia 40 percent less likely if had more than 20 ng of vitamin D – Jan 2014 | | 30 Jan, 2014 |
| Preeclampsia 40 percent less likely if mother had more than 20 ng of vitamin D – Jan 2014 | | 30 Jan, 2014 |
| 2X more likely to have preeclampsia if less than 20 ng of vitamin D – Meta-analysis Jan 2013 | | 11 Jan, 2014 |
| Almost 3X more likely to get preeclampsia if low vitamin D and high PTH– July 2013 | | 15 Sep, 2013 |
| How to reduce preeclampsia - May 2011 | | 19 Apr, 2013 |
| Low vitamin D results in severe preeclampsia and low birth weight – Mar 2011 | | 27 Nov, 2011 |
Vitamin D Life pages with GESTATIONAL DIABETES in title (36 as of May 2022)
This list is automatcially updated
Items found: 40
| Title | | Modified |
| Gestational Diabetes and Vitamin D - many studies | | 10 Apr, 2024 |
| Gestational Diabetes and Vitamin D - many studies | | 10 Apr, 2024 |
| Gestational Diabetes best fought by Vitamin D plus probiotics – RCT review Dec 2023 | | 11 Jan, 2024 |
| Gestational Diabetes reduced with 50,000 IU of vitamin D every 3 weeks and daily Calcium – RCT June 2014 | | 17 Jul, 2023 |
| 50,000 IU of Vitamin D every 2 weeks reduced gestational diabetes – RCT Feb 2015 | | 12 Jul, 2023 |
| Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 10X more-likely if low vitamin D in first trimester – July 2022 | | 07 Aug, 2022 |
| Gestational Diabetes 2.1 X more likely if less than 30 ng of Vitamin D - July 2022 | | 14 Jul, 2022 |
| Gestational diabetes risk reduced 1.5X by Vitamin D – meta-analysis March 2021 | | 14 Jul, 2022 |
| Vitamin D reduces preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and hypertension - 38th meta-analysis Dec 2021 | | 31 May, 2022 |
| Gestational Diabetes – increased risk if poor Vitamin D Receptor – 2 Meta-Analyses 2021 | | 14 Dec, 2021 |
| 300,000 IU injection loading dose of vitamin D3 stopped gestational diabetes in RCT – Oct 2011 | | 25 Jul, 2020 |
| Vitamin D cuts pregnancy risks in half – low birth weight, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes – Cochrane July 2019 | | 12 Sep, 2019 |
| Gestational Diabetes 2.4X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor (region in China) – June 2019 | | 24 Jun, 2019 |
| Vitamin D food fortification during pregnancy reduced gestational diabetes in daughters by 13 percent – Nov 2018 | | 14 Jun, 2019 |
| Gestational Diabetes 3 X more likely if poor Vitamin D receptor (Turkey) – May 2019 | | 18 May, 2019 |
| Gestational diabetes 60 percent more likely below 20 ng of vitamin D – meta-analysis Feb 2012 | | 23 Mar, 2019 |
| Vitamin D treats Gestational Diabetes, decreases hospitalization and newborn complications – meta-analysis March 2019 | | 23 Mar, 2019 |
| Gestational Diabetes 39 percent more likely if insufficient Vitamin D – Meta-analysis March 2018 | | 17 Mar, 2018 |
| Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 1.5X more likely if low vitamin D – meta-analysis Oct 2015 | | 07 Feb, 2018 |
| Gestational diabetes treated by Vitamin D plus Omega-3 – RCT Feb 2017 | | 02 Jan, 2018 |
| Gestational Diabetes increasing, especially in dark skinned women (low vitamin D) - 2007 | | 30 Dec, 2017 |
| Gestational Diabetes 1.9 X more likely if low vitamin D – review Dec 2017 | | 15 Dec, 2017 |
| Congenital Heart Disease is associated with gestational diabetes in first trimester (need Vitamin D and Omega-3 early) Dec 2017 | | 15 Dec, 2017 |
| Vitamin D Receptor is associated with preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and preterm birth – Nov 2017 | | 10 Nov, 2017 |
| Gestational Diabetes Mellitus associated with 4 Vitamin D genes – Oct 2015 | | 09 Nov, 2017 |
| Gestational diabetes 30 percent less likely if consumed more than 400 IU of vitamin D daily – Oct 2017 | | 04 Oct, 2017 |
| Low vitamin D plus gestational diabetes resulted in increased ICU use, SGA – Oct 2016 | | 07 Jun, 2017 |
| Gestational Diabetes 3.7 X more likely if smoke and have low vitamin D (no surprise) – Feb 2016 | | 04 Jan, 2017 |
| Gestational Diabetes reduce 3 times by 5,000 IU of Vitamin D – RCT Jan 2016 | | 10 Dec, 2016 |
| Gestational Diabetes treated with 50,000 IU every two weeks – RCT Sept 2016 | | 03 Sep, 2016 |
| Infant much healthier if Gestational Diabetic mother got 2 doses of vitamin D – RCT Nov 2014 | | 09 Apr, 2016 |
| Gestational Diabetes helped by Vitamin D and Calcium (also less C-section and LGA) – RCT Jan 2016 | | 16 Jan, 2016 |
| Gestational diabetes – Vitamin D and Calcium provided huge benefits – RCT March 2015 | | 13 Jan, 2016 |
| Gestational diabetes reduced by just two 50,000 IU doses of vitamin D – RCT Nov 2014 | | 02 Oct, 2015 |
| Increased Gestational Diabetes and poorer infant health associated with low vitamin D – June 2015 | | 01 Jul, 2015 |
| Gestational Diabetes in 10 percent of pregnancies, vitamin D probably helps – Jan 2014 | | 14 Apr, 2015 |
| Gestational Diabetes reduced 40 percent by 5,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT April 2014 | | 02 Mar, 2015 |
| Gestational Diabetes mostly treated with just 2 doses of 50,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT Dec 2013 | | 26 Jun, 2014 |
| Will 1600 IU vitamin D prevent gestational diabetes – no, not enough, July 2013 | | 31 Aug, 2013 |
| Gestational diabetes 2.2X more likely below 10 ng of vitamin D – June 2012 | | 15 Nov, 2012 |
Vitamin D Life - Pregnancy category starts with
| 886 |
items in Pregnancy category - see also