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Smoking reduces vitamin D


Two pathways are often proposed for how smoking decreases vitamin D:
   1) Smoking decreases Calcium. and Vitamin D is used up in replacing the Calcium
   2) Smoking injures the body, and vitamin D is used up in repairing the body
It appears that taking Vitamin D while smoking will:
   1) Decrease the incidence of the many health problems associated with smoking - even lung cancer
   2) Decrease the desire to smoke (perhaps take fewer smoking breaks?)
   3) Increase breathing capacity
Opinion: If unable to stop smoking,
  or are a previous smoker,
     or are getting 2nd hand smoke,
         increase Vitamin D and perhaps Omega-3 (which decreases depression, inflammation)

Vitamin D should also help people quit smoking   See bottom of page Smoking reduces vitamin D
   1) Reduces weight gain associated with quitting smoking
   2) Reduces depression associated with quitting smoking

A $1 tax on each cigarette would just pay for the additional costs imposed on society
240 Billion cigarettes sold a year in the US in 2016
Additional US costs due to smoking = $300 Billion health, productivity

See also Vitamin D Life

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Smoking While Pregnant (updated June 2019)

Quit smoking from the web: sometimes with Vitamin D

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Quit smoking from the web - Omega-3

  • Trying to quit smoking? Try omega-3 fatty acids to curb cravings July 2014, RCT
    After one month of treatment, those in the omega-3 fatty acid group saw a 25.7% decrease in their tobacco questionnaire scores compared to a 5.3% decrease in the placebo group.
    The researchers concluded: “daily administration of omega-3 fats for one month was accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of daily cigarettes smoked and in reported tobacco craving” and that “omega-3 fats may be of benefit in managing tobacco consumption.”

Tobacco is a leading cause of many premature deaths

World Heatlh Organization
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Lesson Planet
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Black women smokers have the lowest vitamin D levels – Feb 2020

History of Tobacco, Vitamin D and Women
Int J Vitam Nutr Res, 1-6 2020 Feb 24, DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000640
Kiano Reza Manavi 1, Brenda Pauline Alston-Mills 2, Marvin Paul Thompson 3

Tobacco usage kills more than 8 million people a year. Approximately 7 million of those deaths are the result of direct tobacco use, while approximately 1.2 million are the result of non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. About 200 million of the world's one billion smokers are women and usage among women is increasing in some countries. Nicotine from smoking tobacco, specifically its metabolite cotinine, has negative effects on human health causing lung cancer, COPD and non-respiratory problems. Over a billion people worldwide are Vitamin D deficient or insufficient, which is prevalent across all age-groups, geographic regions, and sunlight. With the discovery of Vitamin D in 1919, a new chapter in the prevention of rickets was introduced opening the door to its therapeutic properties for other diseases. Since 1919, there have been many clinical and epidemiolocal studies performed globally on the effect of the vitamin on prevention of other diseases, including but not limited to, cancer, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and osteoporosis. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke has been associated with reduced levels of Vitamin D in the blood stream and sinus tissues. Manavi et al. (2015) demonstrated that among three smoking categories (heavy, light, non-smokers),

  • black female heavy smokers have lower vitamin D (13.374 ng/ml), than
  • Hispanic (19.213 ng/ml) or
  • white (24.929 ng/ml)

females correlating to higher levels of cotinine. Therefore, blood serum concentrations of cotinine contribute to decreased Vitamin D concentrations in addition to other factors such as gender and ethnicity.


Prospective associations between vitamin D status, vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms, and risk of tobacco-related cancers.
Am J Clin Nutr. 2015 Oct 7. pii: ajcn110510. [Epub ahead of print]
Deschasaux M1, Souberbielle JC2, Latino-Martel P3, Sutton A4, Charnaux N4, Druesne-Pecollo N3, Galan P3, Hercberg S5, Le Clerc S6, Kesse-Guyot E3, Ezzedine K7, Touvier M3.

BACKGROUND:
Experimental evidence has suggested that vitamin D may be protective against tobacco-related cancers through the inhibition of the formation of tumors induced by tobacco carcinogens. To our knowledge, only one previous epidemiologic study investigated the association between vitamin D status and tobacco-related cancer risk, and no study has focused on vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms.

OBJECTIVE:
Our objective was to prospectively study the association between plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D 25(OH)D concentrations, vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms, and risk of tobacco-related cancers.

DESIGN:
A total of 209 tobacco-related cancers were diagnosed within the SU.VI.MAX (Supplémentation en vitamines et minéraux antioxydants) cohort (1994-2007) and were matched with 418 controls as part of a nested case-control study. Tobacco-related cancers (i.e., cancers for which tobacco is one of the risk factors) included several sites in the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems. Total plasma 25(OH)D was assessed with the use of an electrochemoluminescent assay. Polymorphisms were determined with the use of a TaqMan assay. Conditional logistic regression models were computed.

RESULTS:
A 25(OH)D concentration ≥30 ng/mL was associated with reduced risk of tobacco-related cancers (OR for ≥30 vs. <30 ng/mL: 0.59; 95% CI 0.35, 0.99; P = 0.046). This association was observed in former and current smokers (OR for ≥30 vs. <30 ng/mL: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.23, 0.84; P = 0.01) but not in never smokers (P = 0.8). The vitamin D receptor (VDR) FokI AA genotype and retinoid X receptor (RXR) rs7861779 TT genotype were associated with increased risk of tobacco-related cancers [OR for homozygous mutant type (MT) vs. wild type (WT): 1.87; 95% CI: 1.08, 3.23; P-trend = 0.02; OR for heterozygous type (HT) plus MT vs. WT: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.38; P = 0.02].

CONCLUSIONS:
In this prospective study, high vitamin D status [25(OH)D concentration ≥30 ng/mL] was associated with decreased risk of tobacco-related cancers, especially in smokers. These results, which are supported by mechanistic plausibility, suggest that vitamin D may contribute to the prevention of tobacco-induced cancers in smokers and deserve additional investigation. The SU.VI.MAX trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00272428.
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Vitamin D deficiency in South Europe: effect of smoking and aging

Eugenia Cutillas-Marco1,*, Amparo Fuertes-Prosper2, William B. Grant3, Maria Morales-Suárez-Varela4,5
Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine; Volume 28, Issue 3, pages 159–161, June 2012

From conclusion: Smoking was associated with an increased risk of hypovitaminosis D (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–3.35).


Many Studies mentioning Smoking and Vitamin D


The influence of smoking on vitamin D status and calcium metabolism

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition December 1999, Volume 53, Number 12, Pages 920-926

Results: Fifty percent were current smokers. Smokers had significantly reduced levels of serum 25OHD (P=0.02), 1,25(OH)2D (P=0.001), and PTH (P<0.001). There was no difference in serum ionized calcium between smokers and non-smokers. We found a negative effect of smoking on serum osteocalcin (P=0.01), while urinary pyridinolines were similar in the two groups. The small differences in lifestyle between the two groups could not explain these findings. Smokers had small but significant reductions in bone mineral density.


Vitamin D deficiency, Smoking, and Lung Function in the Normative Aging Study; 2012

Measurements and Main Results: In the overall cohort, there was no significant effect of vitamin D deficiency on lung function nor on lung function decline.
In both cross-sectional and longitudinal multivariable models there was effect modification by vitamin D status on the association between smoking and lung function.
Cross-sectional analysis revealed lower lung function in current smokers with vitamin D deficiency (FEV1, FVC, and FEV1/FVC, p? 0.0002) and longitudinal analysis showed more rapid rates of decline in FEV1 (p=0.023) per pack-year of smoking in subjects with vitamin D deficiency as compared to subjects who were vitamin D sufficient.

Conclusions: Vitamin D deficiency was associated with lower lung function and more rapid lung function decline in smokers over 20 years in this longitudinal cohort of elderly men. This suggests that vitamin D sufficiency may have a protective effect against the damaging effects of smoking on lung function. Future studies should seek to confirm this finding in the context of smoking and other exposures that affect lung function.


A few more Articles

Accelerated Lung Function Decline in Smokers: Spotlight on Vitamin D Deficiency 2012

The effect of cigarette smoke exposure on vitamin D level and biochemical parameters of mothers and neonates May 2013

  • 9.4 ng smokers, 11 ng non-smokers; smoking also reduced Calcium levels

 Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life

Inhibition of vitamin d receptor translocation by cigarette smoking extracts. Nov 2012, full text on-line

Passive smoking increases risk to unborn babies, study says March 9, 2011

  • passive smoking increased the risk of still birth by 23% and
  • was linked to a 13% increased risk of congenital birth defects.

Giving up smoking averts the adverse birth outcomes associated with tobacco July 2011

Smoking (in upper right of chart) is just one of many reasons for lower vitamin D levels

Possible Vitamin D Interactions


Fact 1 Smoking decreases vitamin D
Fact 2 Low vitamin D is associated with mental illness
Hypothesis: smoking decreases vitamin D, which increases mental illness

  • one example above: Low vitamin D was 1.8 X more likely among smokers – June 2012
  • People With Mental Illness More Likely to Be Smokers, Study Finds NY Times Feb 2013
    40% of men and 34% of women with mental illness smoke.compared with one in five adults without mental illness
    Adults with mental illness smoke about a third of all the cigarettes in the United States

Speculation by Vitamin D Life: Would people with adequate level of vitamin D be less likely to start smoking?


Having enough vitamin D might allow a person to quit smoking

Slideshare
1 page: How Does Vitamin D Assist Smoking Cessation?
Vitamin D is said to play a crucial role in the stop smoking process.
It is connected to dwindling rates of many forms of cancer, including lung cancer.
In his book titled:Quitting Cold: A Guide to Quit Smoking,” Carling Kalicak states that vitamin D is also good for bringing depression and stress to the barest minimum.
These 2 withdrawal symptoms (stress and depression) manifest in the first few days of smoking cessation.
Kalicak further recommends that smokers start consuming vitamin D supplements one to two weeks before dropping off cigarettes.


The Effectiveness of Vitamins at Helping You Quit Smoking Answers.com

Why is it beneficial to take vitamin A when quitting smoking?

It is no secret that smoking is disastrous for the lungs.
Studies have suggested that vitamin A helps bolster the minuscule hair-like objects in the lungs known as "cilia."
Cilia play an important role in cleaning and protecting the lungs.

How does vitamin C help for quitting smoking?

Like vitamin A, it is important to take vitamin C when recovering from a smoking addiction because it helps counteract some of the damage that tobacco use does to the body.
However, vitamin C also helps with nicotine cravings. While smoking has been shown to reduce the amount of vitamin C in the body, large doses of the vitamin potentially reduce cravings.

Note: 5 cigarettes per day appearently zeroes out the average intake of vitamin C by diet (125 mg)

Why is vitamin D beneficial when quitting smoking?

Vitamin D has a wide range of health benefits, including being associated with lower rates of cancer.
This beneficial vitamin has also been proven to have mental health benefits, such as stress reduction.
Anybody who has attempted to quit smoking is able to tell you the importance of reducing stress during the process.

DID YOU KNOW?

Magnesium supplements are sometimes recommended for those trying to quit smoking.
Taking magnesium helps ease anxiety and reduce intense nicotine cravings.


Smoking’s Toll on Health Is Even Worse Than Previously Thought, a Study Finds - Feb 2015

New York Times (nothing about vitamin D)

  • Previously 500,000 deaths/year from 21 diseases
    cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colon, liver, pancreas, larynx, lung, bladder, kidney, cervix, lip and oral cavity; acute myeloid leukemia;
    diabetes; heart disease; stroke; atherosclerosis; aortic aneurysm; other artery diseases; chronic lung disease; pneumonia; influenza; and tuberculosis.
  • Study added 60,000 deaths/year infection, kidney disease, intestinal disease caused by inadequate blood flow, and heart and lung ailments not previously attributed to tobacco.
  • Smokers on average, they die more than a decade before nonsmokers
  • Smokers were also six times more likely to die from a rare illness caused by insufficient blood flow to the intestines.
  • Study is behind a $20 paywall DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsa1407211

Smoking costs global economy over $1 trillion every year - WHO Jan 2017

Newstalk (nothing about Vitamin D)

  • "Not only do cigarettes cause six million annual deaths – and rising – they hit healthcare and productivity hard around the world..."
  • "A new study by the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the US National Cancer Institute estimates that roughly $269 billion in tax revenues was taken in 2013/14. This figure only takes care of roughly one-quarter of the expense of healthcare and lost productivity."

Active form of vitamin D actually counteracts the effects of cigarette smoke in th lab - March 2015

1α, 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 counteracts the effects of cigarette smoke in airway epithelial cells
Cellular Immunology, doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.03.004
Ruhui Zhanga, Haijin Zhaoa, Hangming Donga, Fei Zoub, Shaoxi Caia, ,
a Department of Respiratory, Chronic Airways Diseases Laboratory, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
b School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
Received 5 December 2014, Revised 18 February 2015, Accepted 13 March 2015, Available online 18 March 2015

Cigarette smoke extracts (CSE) alter calpain-1 expression via ERK signaling pathway in bronchial epithelial cells. 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D3) inhibits cigarette smoke-induced epithelial barrier disruption.

This study was aimed to explore whether the 1,25D3 counteracted the CSE effects in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE). In particular, transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and permeability, expression and distribution of E-cadherin and β-catenin, calpain-1 expression, and ERK phosphorylation were assessed in the CSE-stimulated 16HBE cells. The CSE induced the ERK phosphorylation, improved the calpain-1 expression, increased the distribution anomalies and the cleaving of E-cadherin and β-catenin, and resulted in the TER reduction and the permeability increase. The 1,25D3 reduced these pathological changes. The 1,25D3 mediated effects were associated with a reduced ERK phosphorylation.

In conclusion, the present study provides compelling evidences that the 1,25D3 may be considered a possible valid therapeutic option in controlling the cigarette smoke-induced epithelial barrier disruption.

PDF is available free at Sci-Hub   10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.03.004


Smokers with impared lung function were 2.4 X more likely to have level of vitamin D < 20 ng

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level, smoking and lung function in adults: the HUNT Study. May 2015


Mice exposed to smoke for weeks, mice with low Vitamin D got many lung problems - Sept 2015

Vitamin D deficiency exacerbates COPD-like characteristics in the lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed mice

Vitamin D deficient diet <100 IU/kg17–20 ng/ml.
Control diet 1000 IU/kg 75–90 ng/ml

Mice exposed to the smoke were second generation mice on the diet
From Background
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic disease characterized by a progressive expiratory airflow limitation and is associated with chronic inflammation in the airways and lung parenchyma . In the majority of cases, this inflammatory response in COPD is initiated by long-term exposure to cigarette smoke (CS), which triggers a series of events that damage the airways and terminal airspaces, leading to lung function decline and emphysema.

A great many charts and microphotographs in the PDF
Details and PDF on Vitamin D Life


Hard to quit smoking if low vitamin D - 2016

Evaluation of the relationship between serum vitamin D levels and tobacco use disorder
Tijen Şengezer, Rabia Nazik Yüksel, Tuğba Babacan, Hüseyin Can, Nesrin Dilbaz.

Objective: In recent years; vitamin D, being a steroid hormone with neuroprotective and anti-oxidant effects apart from the effects on musculoskeletal system and endocrine system has been emphasized and studies on the relation of metabolic diseases, malignancies, neuropsychiatric diseases with vitamin D has been performed. A pandemic deficiency of vitamin D is mentioned all around the world. Although it has been reported that there is a relation between tobacco consumption and vitamin D; literature is limited and no data from Turkey regarding to the tobacco consumption and vitamin D has been reported.
To evaluate vitamin D levels in individuals admitted to our hospital’s ‘smoking cessation unit’ and accordingly, to investigate the relation of vitamin D levels with tobacco dependence. Methods: Seventy-two cases between ages of 17-69 referring to smoking cessation unit were included in our study. Retrospectively, demographic data form the patients’ files, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) forms were examined and levels of vitamin D were recorded. Whether the parameters conform the normal distribution or not is evaluated by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In statistical analyses; Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskall-Wallis H test, one way ANOVA were applied. p<0.05 level was accepted as statistically significant.

Results: Mean age of the cases was 46.5±12.3 (17-69) years, 36 of them (50%) were female. The average years of smoking was 25.6±12.0 (1-50) years, average daily cigarette use at admission was 21.1±9.7 (2-60), average score of FTND was 6.2±2.4 (1-10). A statistical significance was determined among sex groups by means of vitamin D levels. A low but statistically significant and inverse relation has been observed between vitamin D levels and BDI score. Considering the year of smoking, height, weight, age, score of FTND and BAIQ; no statistical significance has been determined between these variables and vitamin D levels.

Conclusion: Tobacco use has a relation with low levels of 25(OH)D. Although the mechanisms regarding to tobacco consumption and vitamin D deficiency are not enlightened yet; the evaluation of vitamin D levels in the routine examination of tobacco consumers, replacement of vitamin D if there is any deficiency and their exposure to daylight will be beneficial considering the neuroprotective and anti-oxidant effects of vitamin D.
 Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life


Blacks have harder time quitting smoking - perhaps due to low vitamin D

http://www.empowher.com/skin-hair-amp-nails/content/why-skin-color-may-affect-nicotine-dependence? 2009?


A UK region no longer will provide surgery to smokers or very obese (BMI>40)

No surgery for smokers or the obese: Policy in UK stirs debate Oct 2017

  • Hertfordshire, which has population of more than 1.1. million.
  • The time frame for improving health is set at nine months for the obese in particular; those with a body mass index over 40 must reduce the number by 15% over that time period, and those with a BMI over 30 are given a target of 10%.
  • The target for smokers is eight weeks or more without a cigarette — with a breath test to prove it.

Will the FDA’s New Tobacco Strategy Be a Game Changer? Dec 2017

In 1965, 42.4% of US adults smoked, 15.1% in 2017
The habit is still responsible for about 1 in 5 US deaths
“People smoke because of the nicotine, but they die because of the tar,”
FDA is trying to encourage getting nicotine without the tar


More tobacco cancer if lower level of vitamin D - 2013

Low Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Tobacco-Related Cancer
 Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life
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Note - this is an association of >9,000 Dutch people
There is a possibility that a smoker who increases their vitamin D levels will have less tabacco-related cancer
Google Scholar found 72 studies which referenced this paper as of April 2018 - example titles
Molecular link between vitamin D and cancer prevention - 2013
Vitamin D and cancer risk and mortality: state of the science, gaps, and challenges - 2017
Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and lung cancer risk and survival: A dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies - 2017


Prospective associations between vitamin D status, vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms, and risk of tobacco-related cancers.
 Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life


High percentage of males on the planet still smoke

>30% in Russia, Indonesia. China, Bangladesh, Boliva, etc.

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Many people gain weight after quiting smoking - Vitamin D can help

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Note: My mother smoked most of her life and died of lung cancer.
She had tried several times to quit the addiction.
Every time she tried quitting she gained too much weight, so went back to smoking.
Henry Lahore, founder of Vitamin D Life

Note: Your Vitamin D levels must be > 30 ng to be of any benefit.
You cannot just stop smoking and start taking 4,000 IU of vitamin D and expect any help in stopping smoking.
Must either start taking 4,000-5,000 IU two months BEFORE stopping smoking OR start with a loading dose when stopping

"It took more than 7,000 studies ... before the first Surgeon General report against smoking was finally released in the 1960s"
Then it took the AMA another 10 years to agree with the Surgeon General

Note: The founder of Vitamin D Life has been exploring multiple ways to add Vitamin D to cigarette filters such that the warm air would vaporize the vitamin D. Thus ZERO extra effort would be needed by the smoker to increase thier vitamin D levels


Many people are depressed after quiting smoking - Vitamin D can help

  • Smoking Cessation - Depression Wikipedia 2019
    "... nicotine addiction causes a down-regulation of the production of dopamine and other stimulatory neurotransmitters as the brain attempts to compensate for the artificial stimulation caused by smoking."
Depression category listing has 215 items along with related searches

Intervention of Vitamin D for Depression

Smoking reduces vitamin D        
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Attached files

ID Name Comment Uploaded Size Downloads
12481 Tobacco lesson planet.jpg admin 15 Aug, 2019 16:20 30.99 Kb 2332
12480 Tobacco leading cause WHO.jpg admin 15 Aug, 2019 16:20 75.82 Kb 2245
12479 Tobacco leading cause WHO.jpg admin 15 Aug, 2019 16:12 75.82 Kb 158
11741 Weight gain after quiting smoking.jpg admin 10 Apr, 2019 15:42 43.54 Kb 2887
9621 Prospective associations.pdf PDF 2017 admin 02 Apr, 2018 12:47 517.47 Kb 553
9620 Tobacco cancer incidence.jpg admin 02 Apr, 2018 12:25 26.68 Kb 5864
9619 Smoking Cancer Vitamin D 2013.pdf admin 02 Apr, 2018 12:25 1.16 Mb 482
6937 tobacco use disorder - Turkish.pdf PDF 2016 admin 04 Aug, 2016 14:57 275.27 Kb 2369
5240 Smoking and Pregnancy.pdf PDF 2013 admin 27 Mar, 2015 15:07 223.52 Kb 1884
4553 Smoke social class.jpg admin 09 Nov, 2014 16:36 35.08 Kb 20963
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