Overview Prostate Cancer and Vitamin D

Vitamin D both prevents and treats Prostate Cancer somewhat

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See also Prostate Cancer in Vitamin D Life

All items in category Prostate Cancer and Vitamin D 101 items

Examples

• Overview Prostate Cancer and Vitamin D
• Prostate Cancer long term survival 1.7 X more likely if high level of vitamin D – Jan 2016
• High PSA readings with Prostate Cancer 4 times more likely if poor Vitamin D receptor – March 2016
• Aggressive Prostate Cancer in blacks with low vitamin D – 7X more likely if added Calcium – Jan 2017
  • Probably better than 40% reduction if 40 ng of Vitamin D and minimize Calcium
• Prostate cancer in black men is 1.6 times more likely if a poor Vitamin D Receptor – Feb 2017
  • Probably better than 40% reduction if 40 ng of Vitamin D and improve Receptor activation (8 ways)
• Low-Grade Prostate Cancer 70 percent less likely to progress if good level of Omega-3 – June 2018
  • Might prevent Prostate Cancer with Omega-3 and Vitamin D
• Prostate Cancer PSA reduced by 60 ng of Vitamin D, Vitamin B complex, Omega-3, Curcumin and diet – June 2021
• The use of Vitamin D to prevent prostate cancer doubled in a decade – May 2019
• Prostate cancer patients in Jamaica were 5X more likely to die of PC if low vitamin D - Sept 2022
• Can take 40,000 IU of vitamin D daily before prostate cancer surgery – RCT March 2013

The Meta-analysis of Prostate Cancer

Vitamin D prevents/treats Prostate Cancer much better when there is not excess Calcium
Prostate cancer risk increase with Vitamin D (other studies disagree) – meta-analysis Jan 2018 prevention
Prostate cancer reduced when 4000 IU vitamin D was added– Hollis RCT April 2015 treatment
7X increase in stage IV Prostate Cancer survival when vitamin D greater than 32 ng – May 2013
Never too late to have vitamin D - loading dose is great before Prostate Surgery

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See also Prostate problem (BPH) reduced by herbs, Zinc, Vitamin D etc.

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Non-agressive Prostate Cancer 1.2 X more likely if low vitamin D - Jan 2019

A Collaborative Analysis of Individual Participant Data from 19 Prospective Studies Assesses Circulating Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer Risk

•  Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life

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Dietary supplements and prostate cancer: a systematic review of double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trials.

Maturitas. 2013 Jun;75(2):125-30. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.03.006. Epub 2013 Apr 6.
Posadzki P, Lee MS, Onakpoya I, Lee HW, Ko BS, Ernst E.
Medical Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea; Complementary Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK. Electronic address: paul.posadzki at pcmd.ac.uk.

Dietary supplements are popular among patients with prostate cancer (PC). The objective of this systematic review was to critically examine double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised clinical trials (RCTs) of non-herbal dietary supplements and vitamins (NHDS) for evidence that prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels were reduced in PC patients. Five databases were searched from their inception through December 2012 to identify studies that met our inclusion criteria. Methodological quality was independently assessed by two reviewers using the Cochrane tool. Eight RCTs met the eligibility criteria and were of high methodological quality. The following supplements were tested: isoflavones (genistein, daidzein, and glycitein), minerals (Se) or vitamins (vitamin D) or a combination of antioxidants, bioflavonoids, carotenoids, lycopenes, minerals (Se, Zn, Cu, and Mg), phytoestrogens, phytosterols, vitamins (B2, B6, B9, B12, C, and E), and other substances (CoQ10 and n-acetyl-l cysteine). Five RCTs reported no significant effects compared with placebo. Two RCTs reported that a combination of antioxidants, isoflavones, lycopenes, minerals, plant oestrogens and vitamins significantly decreased PSA levels compared with placebo. One RCT did not report differences in PSA levels between the groups. In conclusion, the hypothesis that dietary supplements are effective treatments for PC patients is not supported by sound clinical evidence. There are promising data for only two specific remedies, which contained a mixture of ingredients, but even for these supplements, additional high quality evidence is necessary before firm recommendations would be justified.

Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. PMID: 23567264

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Using genetic proxies for lifecourse sun exposure to assess the causal relationship of sun exposure with circulating vitamin d and prostate cancer risk.

See Vitamin D Life page People more likely to freckle are more likely to get prostate cancer (low vitamin D) – April 2013
which has the PDF

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Genetic variation in the vitamin d pathway in relation to risk of prostate cancer--results from the breast and prostate cancer cohort consortium.

Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013 Apr;22(4):688-96. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0007-T. Epub 2013 Feb 1.
Mondul AM, Shui IM, Yu K, Travis RC, Stevens VL, Campa D, Schumacher FR, Ziegler RG, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Berndt S, Crawford ED, Gapstur SM, Gaziano JM, Giovannucci E, Haiman CA, Henderson BE, Hunter DJ, Johansson M, Key TJ, Le Marchand L, Lindström S, McCullough ML, Navarro C, Overvad K, Palli D, Purdue M, Stampfer MJ, Weinstein SJ, Willett WC, Yeager M, Chanock SJ, Trichopoulos D, Kolonel LN, Kraft P, Albanes D.
National Cancer Institute, NIH, 6120 Executive Blvd, Suite 320, Rockville, MD 20852, USA. mondulam at mail.nih.gov

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that vitamin D status may be associated with prostate cancer risk although the direction and strength of this association differs between experimental and observational studies. Genome-wide association studies have identified genetic variants associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] status. We examined prostate cancer risk in relation to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in four genes shown to predict circulating levels of 25(OH)D.
METHODS: SNP markers localized to each of four genes (GC, CYP24A1, CYP2R1, and DHCR7) previously associated with 25(OH)D were genotyped in 10,018 cases and 11,052 controls from the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Breast and Prostate Cancer Cohort Consortium. Logistic regression was used to estimate the individual and cumulative association between genetic variants and risk of overall and aggressive prostate cancer.
RESULTS: We observed a decreased risk of aggressive prostate cancer among men with the allele in rs6013897 near CYP24A1 associated with lower serum 25(OH)D [per A allele], OR, 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.80-0.93; Ptrend = 0.0002) but an increased risk for nonaggressive disease (per A allele: OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.17; Ptrend = 0.002). Examination of a polygenic score of the four SNPs revealed statistically significantly lower risk of aggressive prostate cancer among men with a greater number of low vitamin D alleles (OR for 6-8 vs. 0-1 alleles, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.44-0.98; Ptrend = 0.003).
CONCLUSIONS:

In this large, pooled analysis, genetic variants related to lower 25(OH)D levels were associated with a decreased risk of aggressive prostate cancer.
IMPACT:

Our genetic findings do not support a protective association between loci known to influence vitamin D levels and prostate cancer risk.

PMID: 23377224

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Vitamin d levels in subjects with prostate cancer compared to age-matched controls.

Prostate Cancer. 2012;2012:524206. doi: 10.1155/2012/524206. Epub 2012 Dec 12.
Yaturu S, Zdunek S, Youngberg B.
Department of Endocrinology, Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, NY 12208, USA.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men in the United States. Vitamin D is considered to have anticancer properties, currently thought to work mainly through its nuclear receptor or vitamin D receptor. In this retrospective study, we compared vitamin D levels in subjects with PCa with those of age-matched men without PCa. Study subjects included 479 in each group with a mean age of 73 and a mean creatinine of 1.05 and 1.15. Levels of 25 (OH) vitamin D were 28.4 ± 0.54 and 28.05 ± 0.62 in subjects with and without PCa. Levels of 1,25 (OH) vitamin D were 47.2 ± 6.8 and 47.1 ± 7.11 in subjects with and without PCa. In contrast to other studies, we did not find a significant difference in vitamin D levels. Among prostate cancer patients, vitamin D levels correlated positively with age (r = 0.12, P < 0.02), and were negatively associated with BMI (r = -0.13, P = 0.003), glucose (r = -0.12, P < 0.007), HbA1C (r = -0.16, P = 0.001), and PTH (r = -0.21; P < 0.0001). The data do not show the causal effect of vitamin D levels on PCa.

PMID: 23304521 Full text on-line

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Getting sun frequently reduces colon, breast, and prostate cancer - and NHL

Is prevention of cancer by sun exposure more than just the effect of vitamin D? A systematic review of epidemiological studies.
Eur J Cancer. 2013 Apr;49(6):1422-36. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.11.001. Epub 2012 Dec 10.
van der Rhee H, Coebergh JW, de Vries E.
Department of Dermatology, Hagaziekenhuis, P.O. Box 40551, Leyweg 275, 2504 LN Den Haag, Zuid-Holland, The Netherlands. hvdrhee at casema.nl

The number of studies reporting on the association between sunlight exposure, vitamin D and cancer risk is steadily increasing. We reviewed all published case-control and cohort studies concerning colorectal-, prostate-, breast cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and both sunlight and vitamin D to update our previous review and to verify if the epidemiological evidence is in line with the hypothesis that the possible preventive effect of sunlight on cancer might be mediated not only by vitamin D but also by other pathways. We found that almost all epidemiological studies suggest that chronic (not intermittent) sun exposure is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal-, breast-, prostate cancer and NHL. In colorectal- and to a lesser degree in breast cancer vitamin D levels were found to be inversely associated with cancer risk. In prostate cancer and NHL, however, no associations were found. These findings are discussed and it is concluded that the evidence that sunlight is a protective factor for colorectal-, prostate-, breast cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is still accumulating. The same conclusion can be drawn concerning high vitamin D levels and the risk of colorectal cancer and possibly breast cancer. Particularly in prostate cancer and NHL other sunlight potentiated and vitamin D independent pathways, such as modulation of the immune system and the circadian rhythm, and the degradation of folic acid might play a role in reduced cancer risk as well.

Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. PMID: 23237739
1st page of letter to editor on this article by Dr. Grant is in the thumbnail

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Vitamin D(3) supplementation, low-risk prostate cancer, and health disparities.

J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2012 Dec 7. pii: S0960-0760(12)00245-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.11.012. [Epub ahead of print]
Hollis BW, Marshall DT, Savage SJ, Garrett-Mayer E, Kindy MS, Gattoni-Celli S.
Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, 169 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.

Vitamin D promotes the differentiation of prostate cancer cells, raising the possibility that vitamin D deficiency over time may contribute to the progression from subclinical prostate cancer to clinical disease. Since low-risk prostate cancers are monitored over time in an effort to determine which progress into clinically important, more aggressive cancers, they provide an excellent model in which to study, over an extended period of time, the effects of enhancing vitamin D status and related changes in tumor progression. This is particularly relevant to African-American men, who exhibit a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency as well as higher incidence of prostate cancer and higher mortality rates from prostate cancer than Caucasians. Our research team has recently completed an open-label clinical trial aimed at assessing the safety and potential efficacy of vitamin D(3) supplementation at 4000 international units (IU) per day for one year in subjects diagnosed with early stage, low-risk prostate cancer. The results of this clinical study suggest that supplementation with vitamin D(3) at 4000IU per day may benefit patients with early stage, low-risk prostate cancer on active surveillance, because of the improved outcome (a decreased number of positive cores at repeat biopsy) in more than half of the subjects enrolled in the trial. We also observed that, after one year of supplementation, there was no difference in circulating levels of vitamin D between African-American and Caucasian subjects who completed the study. These clinical results also suggest that robust and sustained vitamin D(3) supplementation can reduce prostate cancer-related health disparities in African-American men and that these health disparities are at least in part the result of widespread hypovitaminosis D within the African-American population. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Vitamin D Workshop'.

Published by Elsevier Ltd. PMID: 23220550

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Update on Evidence that Support a Role of Solar Ultraviolet-B Irradiance in Reducing Cancer Risk.

Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2013 Jan 1;13(1):140-6.
Grant WB.
Sunlight, Nutrition, and Health Research Center, P.O. Box 641603, San Francisco, CA 94164-1603, USA. wbgrant at infionline.net.

The ultraviolet-B (UVB)-vitamin D-cancer hypothesis was proposed in 1980 yet has not been fully accepted. Ecological studies based on geographical variations of cancer rates with respect to solar UVB doses have supported the hypothesis for about 20 cancers. This paper reviews the evidence from studies of personal or group UVB irradiance. Studies have associated personal UVB irradiance with reduced risk for breast, colon, endometrial, prostate, and renal cancer, as well as non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). However, some studies have also found increased risk of NHL from UV irradiance, probably due to immunosuppression by UVA near 370 nm. Several related approaches have also been used to study the hypothesis. Studies in Norway and the UK found that diagnosis in summer or fall is associated with increased survival rates for breast, colon, lung, and prostate cancer, as well as Hodgkin's lymphoma. Diagnosis of nonmelanoma skin cancer is associated with reduced risk of several cancers in sunny countries, but not often in highlatitude countries. Living at higher surface elevation is associated with reduced risk of some cancers. In a recent analyzed study of cancer rates for 54 occupations in Nordic countries, a UVB index based on standardized incidence ratios of lip cancer less those for lung cancer was inversely correlated with 15 types of cancer for males, but only four types for females. This ecological study provides additional evidence that UVB doses at high latitudes are adequate to reduce the risk of cancer, but requires considerable time outside to produce sufficient vitamin D. Because only vitamin D production has been proposed to explain the UVB-cancer link, studies reviewed in this paper should be considered strong evidence for the hypothesis.

PMID: 23094927

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Vitamin d, sunlight, and the epidemiology of prostate cancer.

Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2013 Jan 1;13(1):45-57.
Schwartz GG.
Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Medical Center Blvd, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. gschwart at wakehealth.edu.

The hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of clinical prostate cancer has stimulated an extensive body of research. Ecologic studies have shown that mortality rates from prostate cancer are inversely correlated with levels of ultraviolet radiation, the principal source of vitamin D. Human prostate cells express receptors for 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D which exerts pleitropic anticancer effects on these cells in vitro and in animal models. Moreover, normal prostate cells synthesize 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D from circulating levels of 25-OHD, whose levels are dependent on exposure to ultraviolet light. Analytic epidemiologic studies of vitamin D and prostate cancer have focused on polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR), on serum vitamin D levels, and on solar exposure. A role for VDR polymorphisms in prostate cancer risk and progression is established. Prospective studies of serum 25(OH)D do not support a protective role for higher levels of 25(OH)D on prostate cancer risk overall, but a role for vitamin D deficiency is supported by several studies. Conversely, a growing body of evidence implicates low levels of 25-OHD with an increased risk of fatal prostate cancer. The results of most epidemiologic studies of sunlight exposure are consistent with a protective effect of exposure to ultraviolet radiation. The discrepancy between the results of studies of solar exposure and studies of serum 25-OHD may be related to methodological differences and to uncertainties regarding the critical period for vitamin D exposure. Additionally, both high dietary intake of calcium and high levels of calcium in serum are positively associated with prostate cancer risk. The relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and risk of prostate cancer may differ by calcium intake.

PMID: 23094920 Full text on-line

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Associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and vitamin D pathway genes with prostate-specific antigen progression in men with localized prostate cancer undergoing active monitoring.

Eur J Cancer Prev. 2013 Mar;22(2):121-5. doi: 10.1097/CEJ.0b013e3283584954.
Gilbert R, Metcalfe C, Fraser WD, Lewis S, Donovan J, Hamdy F, Neal DE, Lane JA, Martin RM, Tilling K.
School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK. becky.gilbert at bristol.ac.uk

Current diagnostic tests cannot differentiate the majority of prostate cancers with a low likelihood of progression from the minority with more aggressive potential. We examined whether the measures of vitamin D were associated with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time in men undergoing active monitoring. We examined the associations of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), and vitamin D pathway polymorphisms with PSA doubling time in 490 men undergoing active monitoring for localized prostate cancer within a UK population-based cohort study [mean follow-up 4.4 years (range: 0.3-7.6)]. Repeat PSA measurements were analyzed using multilevel models. There was no evidence that circulating 25(OH)D levels, 1,25(OH)2D levels, or vitamin D pathway polymorphisms were associated with postdiagnosis PSA doubling time. Stratifying the results by prostate cancer grade at diagnosis (high grade or low grade) did not alter the results. We found no evidence that either circulating 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D, or vitamin D pathway polymorphisms were associated with PSA doubling time in men undergoing active monitoring for localized prostate cancer. Future studies should examine the associations of variation in vitamin D with clinical outcomes (metastases and death).

PMID: 22955340

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Vitamin D, PTH, and calcium and the risk of prostate cancer: a prospective nested case-control study.

Cancer Causes Control. 2012 Aug;23(8):1377-85. doi: 10.1007/s10552-012-9948-3
Brändstedt J, Almquist M, Manjer J, Malm J.
Department of Urology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. johan.brandstedt at skane.se

OBJECTIVE:To examine the risk of prostate cancer in relation to pre-diagnostic serum levels of vitamin D (25OHD(2) and 25OHD(3)), PTH, and calcium.

METHODS: Nine hundred forty-three incident prostate cancer cases were identified in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study cohort, and each was matched with one control using incidence density matching with age as the underlying timescale. We also matched for calendar time and age at inclusion. Logistic regression analysis yielded odds ratios with 95 % confidence intervals for different quartiles and deciles. All analyses were repeated stratified for age and body mass index (BMI).

RESULTS: We found a weak trend toward increasing prostate cancer risk with rising vitamin D levels (p-trend across quartiles, 0.048). Dividing the cohort into deciles showed a nonlinear association. Compared to decile one, the prostate cancer risk was highest in deciles seven and eight, which corresponded to vitamin D levels of 91-97 nmol/L (1.68; 1.06-2.68), and 98-106 nmol/L (1.80; 1.13-2.85). In the other deciles, there was no association between prostate cancer risk and vitamin D levels. Albumin-adjusted calcium was positively associated with an increased risk for prostate cancer among men aged 55-65 with a BMI <25 (2.07; 1.08-3.97). No association was observed between pre-diagnostic PTH and subsequent prostate cancer incidence, and the stratified analyses revealed no other convincing relationships.
CONCLUSIONS:

This study suggests a possible weak positive nonlinear association between vitamin D and the risk of prostate cancer.

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Vitamin D3 supplementation at 4000 international units per day for one year results in a decrease of positive cores at repeat biopsy in subjects with low-risk prostate cancer under active surveillance.

J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jul;97(7):2315-24. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-1451. Epub 2012 Apr 16.
Marshall DT, Savage SJ, Garrett-Mayer E, Keane TE, Hollis BW, Horst RL, Ambrose LH, Kindy MS, Gattoni-Celli S.
Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.

CONTEXT: We wanted to investigate vitamin D in low-risk prostate cancer.
OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to determine whether vitamin D(3) supplementation at 4000 IU/d for 1 yr is safe and would result in a decrease in serum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or in the rate of progression.
DESIGN: In this open-label clinical trial (Investigational New Drug 77,839), subjects were followed up until repeat biopsy.
SETTING: All subjects were enrolled through the Medical University of South Carolina and the Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, both in Charleston, SC.
PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: All subjects had a diagnosis of low-risk prostate cancer. Fifty-two subjects were enrolled in the study, 48 completed 1 yr of supplementation, and 44 could be analyzed for both safety and efficacy objectives.
INTERVENTION: The intervention included vitamin D(3) soft gels (4000 IU).
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Adverse events were monitored throughout the study. PSA serum levels were measured at entry and every 2 months for 1 yr. Biopsy procedures were performed before enrollment (for eligibility) and after 1 yr of supplementation.
RESULTS: No adverse events associated with vitamin D(3) supplementation were observed. No significant changes in PSA levels were observed. However, 24 of 44 subjects (55%) showed a decrease in the number of positive cores or decrease in Gleason score; five subjects (11%) showed no change; 15 subjects (34%) showed an increase in the number of positive cores or Gleason score.
CONCLUSION: Patients with low-risk prostate cancer under active surveillance may benefit from vitamin D(3) supplementation at 4000 IU/d.
Note: This study has a separate page on Vitamin D Life = Low risk Prostate Cancer decreased with 4,000 IU of vitamin D – July 2012

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Lifestyle and dietary factors in the prevention of lethal prostate cancer.

Asian J Androl. 2012 May;14(3):365-74. doi: 10.1038/aja.2011.142. Epub 2012 Apr 16.
Wilson KM, Giovannucci EL, Mucci LA.
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

The prevention of lethal prostate cancer is a critical public health challenge that would improve health and reduce suffering from this disease. In this review, we discuss the evidence surrounding specific lifestyle and dietary factors in the prevention of lethal prostate cancer. We present a summary of evidence for the following selected behavioral risk factors: obesity and weight change, physical activity, smoking, antioxidant intake, vitamin D and calcium, and coffee intake.

PMID: 22504869 Full text on-line

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Effect of interval between serum draw and follow-up period on relative risk of cancer incidence with respect to 25-hydroxyvitamin D level: Implications for meta-analyses and setting vitamin D guidelines.

Dermatoendocrinol. 2011 Jul;3(3):199-204. doi: 10.4161/derm.3.3.15364. Epub 2011 Jul 1.
Grant WB. Sunlight, Nutrition and Health Research Center (SUNARC).

Ecological studies have reported strong inverse correlations between indices of solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) doses and incidence and/or mortality rates for many types of cancer. Case-control studies (CCS) generally find inverse correlations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration measured at time of diagnosis for cancer incidence, whereas nested case-control studies (NCCS), which involve a several-year follow-up time after serum sampling, generally do not. This paper examines the relation between follow-up interval and relative risk (RR) for breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer. I plot the RR versus serum 25(OH)D data as a function of follow-up time from the literature for each type of cancer. For breast cancer, RRs were significantly reduced only for follow-up periods less than 3 years. For colorectal cancer, RRs were generally significantly reduced for follow-up periods up to 12 years. For prostate cancer, RRs were not statistically significant from 4 years to 28 years. This study included no CCS. Follow-up periods after serum sampling should not be too long for breast cancer because once a tumor reaches a diameter of 1-3 mm, it requires angiogenesis to continue growing, and vitamin D reduces angiogenesis around tumors. Breast cancer diagnoses are more common in spring and fall than in summer or winter, indicating that they can grow rapidly if circulating 25(OH)D drops in the fall or melatonin levels drop in spring. Serum sampling should be conducted during the study, perhaps every 2 years, to overcome the problem of change of 25(OH)D concentration during cohort studies.

PMID: 22110780 Full text on-line

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Ultraviolet index and racial differences in prostate cancer incidence and mortality.

Cancer. 2013 Jun 6. doi: 10.1002/cncr.28127. Epub ahead of print
Taksler GB, Cutler DM, Giovannucci E, Smith MR, Keating NL.
Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York.

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest that low levels of vitamin D may be associated with prostate cancer, and darker skin reduces the body's ability to generate vitamin D from sunshine. The impact of sunshine on racial disparities in prostate cancer incidence and mortality is unknown.
METHODS: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program database, the authors calculated age-adjusted prostate cancer incidence rates among black and white men aged ≥45 years by race and county between 2000 and 2009 (N = 906,381 men). Similarly, county-level prostate cancer mortality rates were calculated from the National Vital Statistics System (N = 288,874). These data were linked with the average monthly solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation index by county and data regarding health, wellness, and demographics. Multivariable regression analysis was used to assess whether increases in the UV index (in deciles) moderated the association between black race and the incidence and mortality of prostate cancer.
RESULTS: Compared with counties in the lowest UV index decile, prostate cancer incidence rates for white and black men were lower in counties with a higher UV index (all Ps ≤ .0.051). Incidence rates were higher for black men versus white men, but the difference by race was less for counties in the fourth to fifth UV index deciles versus those in the first decile (Ps ≤ 0.02). Mortality rates also were found to decrease with increasing UV index for white men (Ps ≤ 0.003), but increase for black men, and an unexplained increase in racial differences in mortality rates was observed with an increasing UV index.
CONCLUSIONS: Racial disparities in the incidence of prostate cancer were larger in some areas with less sunshine. Additional research should confirm the findings of the current study and assess whether optimizing vitamin D levels among black men can reduce disparities. Cancer 2013 © 2013 American Cancer Society.

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The Failed Medical Experiment: PSA Screening for Prostate Cancer Green Medical Information, Aug 2013 (nothing about Vitamin D)

one million men have been treated for a clinically insignificant prostate cancer that did not require treatment
Prostate cancer is a slow growing indolent disease with a 99 percent 5-year survival after diagnosis
as of 1997 twenty-three organizations of experts recommend against screening

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SNP of VDBP genes associated wih Prostate Cancer risk and grade, but not stage - Dec 2014

Associations of vitamin D pathway genes with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin-D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin-D, and prostate cancer: a nested case–control study
Cancer Causes & Control
Rebecca Gilbert, Carolina Bonilla, Chris Metcalfe, Sarah Lewis, David M. Evans, William D. Fraser, John P. Kemp, Jenny L. Donovan, Freddie C. Hamdy, David E. Neal, … show all 14
 Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life.

Purpose
Vitamin D pathway single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are potentially useful proxies for investigating whether circulating vitamin D metabolites [total 25-hydroxyvitamin-D, 25(OH)D; 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin, 1,25(OH)2D] are causally related to prostate cancer. We investigated associations of sixteen SNPs across seven genes with prostate-specific antigen-detected prostate cancer.
Methods
In a nested case–control study (within the ProtecT trial), we estimated odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) quantifying associations between SNPs and prostate cancer. Subgroup analyses investigated whether associations were stronger in men who had high/low sun exposure [a proxy for 25(OH)D]. We quantified associations of SNPs with stage (T1–T2/T3–T4) and grade (<7/≥7). Multiple variant scores included SNPs encoding proteins involved in 25(OH)D synthesis and metabolism.
Results
We included 1,275 prostate cancer cases (141 locally advanced, 385 high grades) and 2,062 healthy controls. Vitamin D-binding protein SNPs were associated with prostate cancer (rs4588-A: OR 1.20, CI 1.01, 1.41, p = 0.04; rs7041-T: OR 1.19, CI 1.02, 1.38, p = 0.03). Low 25(OH)D metabolism score was associated with high (vs low) grade (OR 0.76, CI 0.63, 0.93, p = 0.01); there was a similar association of its component variants: rs6013897-A in CYP24A1 (OR 0.78, CI 0.60, 1.01, p = 0.06) and rs10877012-T in CYP27B1 (OR 0.80, CI 0.63, 1.02, p = 0.07). There was no evidence that associations differed by level of sun exposure.
Conclusion
We found some evidence that vitamin D pathway SNPs were associated with prostate cancer risk and grade, but not stage.
There was no evidence of an association in men with deficient vitamin D (measured by having low sun exposure).

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See also web

• The Association between Pre-Treatment Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Survival in Newly Diagnosed Stage IV Prostate Cancer March 2015
  Vitamin D > 32 ng did not help much when Prostate cancer had progressed to stage IV
  Study does not indicate if any patients had > 40 ng - where vitamin D can do some good.
   Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life
• How to Survive Prostate Cancer Without Surgery, Drugs, or Radiation
  Mercola, Sept 2015 - seems nice, nothing about Vitamin D
• Prostate Cancer vs race April 2015
  Non obese: Blacks 28% more than whites, Obese: 103% more than whites, No mention of Vitamin D
• New Diagnostic Tools for Prostate Cancer NT Dec 2015
  $4,000 DNA test might predict growth speed of your Protate Cancer
  " Every year, about 220,800 American men receive a diagnosis of the disease, but one-third to one-half of all prostate cancers are not life-threatening, and most of those who have the disease do not die from it."
  No mention of vitamin D - which can treat Prostate Cancer
  Seems far less expensive to just take a lot of vitamin D than get get a test to see how fast it might grow
• Prostate Cancer Study Details Value of Treatments NYT Sept 2016
  "The patients were then assigned at random to one of three groups: A third had surgery, a third had radiation, and a third had active monitoring."
  "As time went on, more and more of the monitored patients wound up having treatment. Dr. Hamdy said not all those who left monitoring actually needed treatment."
  Nothing about vitamin D - which would probably help in all three cases, lots of nice charts
   Download the NEJM PDF from Vitamin D Life
• Vit D protects against prostate cancer by reducing COX-2 Oct 2016
  Does not directly reference the study.
• Why We Overrate Life-saving Power of Cancer Tests Scientific American June 2017 - nothing about vitamin D
  "According to a recent analysis by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, you are 240-120 times more likely to be misdiagnosed as a result of a positive PSA test and 80-40 times more likely to get unnecessary surgery or radiation than you are to have your life saved."

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Increased risk of Prostate Cancer if consume dairy products (high grown factor in cow's milk)

Dr, Greger Video and transcript Jan 2023
__Dairy Consumption and Cancers of the Prostate and Colon - Greger video + transcript + charts, May 2023

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Switching to a plant-based diet reversed Prostate Cancer, even after failed surgery

Treating Advanced Prostate Cancer with Diet Dr. Greger Feb 2021
Best Supplements for Prostate Cancer Video by Greger Nov 2021
Whole pomegranate, not just pomegranate extact, works extremely well

• Greger category listing has 29 items along with related searches

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Low Zinc associated with BPH - meta-analysis - 2016

Documented an association between low Zinc and Prostate Cancer but high Zinc and BPH
". Serum zinc concentration may be used as a tool for the diagnosis and screening of prostate disease"
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Prostate Cancer Review: Genetics, Diagnosis, Treatment Options, and Alternative Approaches - Sept 2022

Prostate cancer is one of the malignancies that affects men and significantly contributes to increased mortality rates in men globally. Patients affected with prostate cancer present with either a localized or advanced disease. In this review, we aim to provide a holistic overview of prostate cancer, including the diagnosis of the disease, mutations leading to the onset and progression of the disease, and treatment options. Prostate cancer diagnoses include a digital rectal examination, prostate-specific antigen analysis, and prostate biopsies. Mutations in certain genes are linked to the onset, progression, and metastasis of the cancer. Treatment for localized prostate cancer encompasses active surveillance, ablative radiotherapy, and radical prostatectomy. Men who relapse or present metastatic prostate cancer receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), salvage radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Currently, available treatment options are more effective when used as combination therapy; however, despite available treatment options, prostate cancer remains to be incurable. There has been ongoing research on finding and identifying other treatment approaches such as the use of traditional medicine, the application of nanotechnologies, and gene therapy to combat prostate cancer, drug resistance, as well as to reduce the adverse effects that come with current treatment options. In this article, we summarize the genes involved in prostate cancer, available treatment options, and current research on alternative treatment options.
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