Streptococcus Species Abundance in the Gut Is Linked to Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis in 8973 Participants From the SCAPIS Cohort
Circulation. 2023;0 https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.063914
Sergi Sayols-Baixeras, Koen F. Dekkers, Gabriel Baldanzi, Daniel Jönsson, Ulf Hammar, Yi-Ting Lin, Shafqat Ahmad, Diem Nguyen, Georgios Varotsis, …
BACKGROUND:
Gut microbiota have been implicated in atherosclerotic disease, but their relation with subclinical coronary atherosclerosis is unclear. This study aimed to identify associations between the gut microbiome and computed tomography–based measures of coronary atherosclerosis and to explore relevant clinical correlates.
METHODS:
We conducted a cross-sectional study of 8973 participants (50 to 65 years of age) without overt atherosclerotic disease from the population-based SCAPIS (Swedish Cardiopulmonary Bioimage Study). Coronary atherosclerosis was measured using coronary artery calcium score and coronary computed tomography angiography. Gut microbiota species abundance and functional potential were assessed with shotgun metagenomics sequencing of stool, and associations with coronary atherosclerosis were evaluated with multivariable regression models adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors. Associated species were evaluated for association with inflammatory markers, metabolites, and corresponding species in saliva.
RESULTS:
The mean age of the study sample was 57.4 years, and 53.7% were female. Coronary artery calcification was detected in 40.3%, and 5.4% had at least 1 stenosis with >50% occlusion. Sixty-four species were associated with coronary artery calcium score independent of cardiovascular risk factors, with the strongest associations observed for Streptococcus anginosus and Streptococcusoralis subsp oralis (P<1×10–5). Associations were largely similar across coronary computed tomography angiography–based measurements. Out of the 64 species, 19 species, including streptococci and other species commonly found in the oral cavity, were associated with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein plasma concentrations, and 16 with neutrophil counts. Gut microbial species that are commonly found in the oral cavity were negatively associated with plasma indole propionate and positively associated with plasma secondary bile acids and imidazole propionate. Five species, including 3 streptococci, correlated with the same species in saliva and were associated with worse dental health in the Malmö Offspring Dental Study. Microbial functional potential of dissimilatory nitrate reduction, anaerobic fatty acid β-oxidation, and amino acid degradation were associated with coronary artery calcium score.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study provides evidence of an association of a gut microbiota composition characterized by increased abundance of Streptococcus spp and other species commonly found in the oral cavity with coronary atherosclerosis and systemic inflammation markers. Further longitudinal and experimental studies are warranted to explore the potential implications of a bacterial component in atherogenesis.
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Microbiome articles
Vitamin K2 is similar to D3 in many ways
- Both vitamins were initially confused with its lesser form (D2 ==> D3, K1 ==> K2)
- Both vitamins appear to influence health in large number of ways
- Both vitamins in the body are about 1/10 that of a century ago
Example: Grass-fed beef has a lot more K2, D3, and Magnesium - Need very little of both vitamins: <1 milligram daily
- When Vitamin D3 is increased, it appears that Vitamin K2 should also be increased
- Vitamin K2 understanding and research is about 20 years behind that of Vitamin D3
One of the reasons: No simple blood test for K2 as of Jan 2020
Note: There is a strong synergy between good gut bacteria and both Vitamin D and Vitamin K
Note: Vitamin K decreases and even dissolves coranary plaque
72+ Vitamin D Life pages with ARTERIES OR ATHEROSCLEROSIS OR CALCIFICATION in title
This list is automatically updated
Items found: 74
| Title | | Modified |
| Gynecological cancers and atherosclerosis (perhaps a Vitamin D association) - Dec 2023 | | 29 Jan, 2024 |
| Coronary Artery Disease and Vitamin D - many studies | | 20 Sep, 2023 |
| Less Calcification if less Calcium, Vitamin K, Magnesium, etc. - many studies | | 22 Aug, 2023 |
| Vitamin K2-7 decreases arterial stiffness (cleans arteries) – RCT Feb 2015 | | 20 Jul, 2023 |
| Arteries and Atherosclerosis and Vitamin D - many studies | | 03 Jul, 2023 |
| Childhood Cancer Survivors have worse arteries due to anticancer therapy – May 2023 | | 30 May, 2023 |
| Vascular calcification greatly reduced by 3 per week 1000 ug of Vitamin K2 MK-7 – Dec 2013 | | 14 Apr, 2023 |
| Coronary Artery Disease Chest Pain, Anxiety, and Fatigue associated with low vitamin D – Oct 2022 | | 07 Oct, 2022 |
| Vitamin D fights Coronary Artery Disease in many ways – when will it be used in therapy – May 2022 | | 13 May, 2022 |
| Arterial Stiffness and Vitamins – only Vitamin D was found to help – meta-analysis Feb 2022 | | 27 Feb, 2022 |
| Low Vitamin D and Vitamin K: brittle bones and hardened arteries – LEF Sept 2010 | | 14 Oct, 2021 |
| Coronary Artery Disease 2.9 X more likely in postmenopausal women if Vitamin D deficient – March 2020 | | 19 Mar, 2020 |
| Arterial stiffness reduced if use at least 2,000 IU of Vitamin D for 4 months – meta-analysis Dec 2019 | | 06 Dec, 2019 |
| Peripheral Arterial Disease 3.7 X more likely in diabetics with low vitamin D – June 2019 | | 02 Jul, 2019 |
| Hard bones, soft arteries, rather than vice versa (Vitamin D and Vitamin K) – March 2016 | | 26 Apr, 2019 |
| Vitamin K reduces calcification (reported yet again) – Feb 2019 | | 01 Feb, 2019 |
| Innocent Dietary Imbalance Hardens and Narrows Your Arteries (Omega-3 index) – Dec 2018 | | 10 Dec, 2018 |
| Hypothesis – Vascular calcification is associated with both too much and too little vitamin D - May 2018 | | 15 Jul, 2018 |
| Stroke is strongly associated with Calcification of cerebral arteries (perhaps low Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Mg…) – March 2018 | | 21 Apr, 2018 |
| Arterial stiffness reduced by vitamin D | | 04 Apr, 2018 |
| Peripheral arterial disease risk is 1.5X higher if low vitamin D – meta-analysis March 2018 | | 29 Mar, 2018 |
| Hypothesis – Use of anticoagulants with COPD lowers Vitamin K, which increases calcification – Nov 2017 | | 25 Jan, 2018 |
| Arterial stiffness reduced by Omega-3, Vitamin D, Vitamin K2, Magnesium, etc. | | 06 Jan, 2018 |
| Arterial stiffness reduced by Omega-3, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Potassium, etc. | | 05 Jan, 2018 |
| Coronary Artery Disease risk both increased and decreased by 30 percent with mutations in Vitamin D Binding – April 2016 | | 09 Nov, 2017 |
| Intracranial arterial calcification in 85 percent of ischemic strokes (Vitamin K and Vitamin D should help) – Oct 2017 | | 27 Oct, 2017 |
| Vitamin D Binding Protein and Coronary artery disease – Oct 2017 | | 26 Oct, 2017 |
| Obstructive coronary artery disease 2.9 X more likely if chest pain and low vitamin D – Aug 2016 | | 09 Aug, 2017 |
| Cardiovascular calcification prevented by Omega-3, Magnesium, Vitamin K, and Vitamin D – April 2015 | | 09 Aug, 2017 |
| Stiff arteries 6.8 X more likely if low vitamin D AND low vitamin K – April 2017 | | 10 May, 2017 |
| 7X increased chance of death if coronary artery disease and low vitamin D – Oct 2013 | | 20 Mar, 2017 |
| Coronary Artery Disease without diabetes 5 times more likely if VDR gene problems – meta-analysis May 2016 | | 10 Dec, 2016 |
| Atherosclerosis prevented by Ultraviolet light (UVB in mice) – Oct 2016 | | 25 Nov, 2016 |
| Hypothesis: Atherosclerosis in Ancient and Modern Humans due to low vitamin D (behind paywall) - May 2015 | | 25 Nov, 2016 |
| Atherosclerosis – higher risk due to low vitamin D than HDL – Feb 2015 | | 25 Nov, 2016 |
| Peripheral Arterial Disease 2 percent more likely for every 1 nanogram less Vitamin D – Sept 2016 | | 01 Oct, 2016 |
| Peripheral Arterial Disease patients have low vitamin D levels – meta-analysis Oct 2015 | | 01 Oct, 2016 |
| Coronary artery calcification associated with low vitamin D | | 18 Jun, 2016 |
| Vitamin D deficiency was the highest risk factor for coronary artery calcification with HIV -Aug 2013 | | 18 Jun, 2016 |
| Magnesium reduced calcitriol (active vitamin D) artery calcification in CKD by 50 percent – Oct 2015 | | 22 Oct, 2015 |
| Peripheral Arterial Disease 3X less prevalent at 40 ng of vitamin D – 2008 | | 15 Oct, 2015 |
| Vitamin D and peripheral arterial disease – Nov 2011 | | 15 Oct, 2015 |
| Reverse Hardening of the Arteries with vitamin K2 -2015 | | 29 Sep, 2015 |
| Vitamin D video: calcification, narrow-band UV, 4,000 IU, 50 ng – Dr. DeLuca May 2015 | | 04 Jun, 2015 |
| If you must take statins and want to avoid hardening of arteries, take vitamin K2 – RCT May 2015 | | 22 May, 2015 |
| 7100 IU vitamin D2 for 3 months did not treat Coronary Artery Disease – Nov 2012 | | 16 Mar, 2015 |
| Children with low vitamin D were 1.8 X more likely to have poor arteries 27 years later – Feb 2015 | | 11 Feb, 2015 |
| Vitamin D Deficiency may be an Independent Risk Factor for Arterial Disease – July 2012 | | 03 Feb, 2015 |
| Arterial stiffness reduced by a single dose of 100,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT Dec 2014 | | 06 Jan, 2015 |
| Vitamin D is good, but must balance Vitamins A and K2 to prevent Calcification – Masterjohn Aug 2014 | | 31 Dec, 2014 |
| Coronary Artery Enlargement associated with low levels of vitamin D – Nov 2014 | | 10 Dec, 2014 |
| Interactions of Vitamins D, A, and K, should measure calcitriol, calcification – Masterjohn Aug 2013 | | 28 Nov, 2014 |
| Arterial stiffness reduced with vitamin D intervention – June 2011 | | 21 Sep, 2014 |
| Stiff arteries in seniors associated with low vitamin D levels – July 2012 | | 21 Sep, 2014 |
| Soft Bones, Hard Arteries, Vitamin D, Vitamin K2 and antibiotics – Sept 2012 | | 20 Jul, 2014 |
| Magnesium Suppresses Formation of Clogged Arteries - May 2014 | | 08 May, 2014 |
| Coronary artery disease extent is associated with extent of vitamin D deficiency – April 2014 | | 04 Apr, 2014 |
| Atherogenesis, atherosclerosis and vitamin D – review Dec 2013 | | 21 Feb, 2014 |
| Vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease April 2010 | | 21 Dec, 2013 |
| 24X less Calcification of Aorta for PAD with modest level of vitamin D – Aug 2011 | | 21 Dec, 2013 |
| Aortic Calcification 85 percent more likely if vitamin D level lower than 29 ng – June 2012 | | 21 Dec, 2013 |
| Vitamin D significantly lowers macrophage adhesion to prevent arterial clots (in diabetics)– Nov 2012 | | 07 Oct, 2013 |
| Coronary artery disease 5.8X more likely if vitamin D level is less than 30 ng – Nov 2012 | | 24 Sep, 2013 |
| Excess vitamin A caused calcification of heart valves in mice – Dec 2012 | | 17 Jul, 2013 |
| Vitamin D and Arterial Hypertension: Treat the Deficiency - Feb 2013 | | 06 Feb, 2013 |
| Vertebral fracture 3X more likely with aortic calcification – Vitamins D3 and K2 Sept 2012 | | 17 Oct, 2012 |
| Coronary Artery Disease predicted by low levels of vitamin D – April 2012 | | 16 Oct, 2012 |
| Petrie dish experiment confirms that active vitamin D reduces arterial inflammation – Aug 2012 | | 23 Aug, 2012 |
| Old concern about high vitamin D and atherosclerosis – 2003 | | 08 Apr, 2012 |
| Vitamin D deficient Type 1 diabetics 3X more likely to have calcification problems – Feb 2011 | | 28 Oct, 2011 |
| Low vitamin D may contribute to Peripheral Arterial Disease – June 2010 | | 30 Aug, 2011 |
| Vitamin D is a promising way to deal with atherosclerosis – Aug 2010 | | 03 Jul, 2011 |
| Atherosclerosis associated with low vitamin D – June 2011 | | 03 Jul, 2011 |
| Vitamin D might deal with atherosclerosis – Jan 2011 | | 03 Jul, 2011 |
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