A randomized double blind controlled trial to investigate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on maternal and new-born baby’s vitamin D status in Asian-Indian subjects
Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia, Vol 3, Issue 3, Suppl. Sept 2017, Pages S38–S39, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afos.2017.08.073
| Parameter | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 3 | Group 4 |
| Dose of Vit D | 600 IU/Day | 1000 IU/Day | 2000 IU/Day | 4000 IU/Day |
| Baseline S. Vit D | 9.09±5.69 | 7.51± 3.91 | 10.63±7.67 | 8.89±7.4 |
| S. vit D 24-28 wks | 11.87±7.79 | 19.03±6.87 | 22.38±7.52 | 30.68±10.67 |
| S. vit D at delivery | 11.4±9.95 | 20.34±8.66 | 27.45±10.64 | 37.17±12.4 |
| Cord blood S.vit D | 12.49±12.95 | 22.114±9.17 | 30.67±14.15 | 41.38±14.71 |
| Cord blood deficiency (< 20 ng) | 78% | 41% | 18% | 6% |
With ~6 monthly doses of 120,000 IU Vitamin D: 94% deficiency ==> 6%
Cord blood ==> 41 ng
Vitamin D Life doubts that the daily Calcium was needed
Far more important than Calcium is the addition of Omega-3 during pregnancy
See also Vitamin D Life
Items in both categories Pregnancy and Non-daily intervention are listed here:
- Weekly Vitamin D to mother after birth much better than daily - RCT Aug 2018
- Pregnancies helped a lot by Vitamin D (injection then 50,000 IU monthly) – RCT May 2018
- 300,000 IU of Vitamin D is not enough during pregnancy – RCT May 2018
- Monthly 120,000 IU Vitamin D plus daily Calcium was great during pregnancies – RCT Sept 2017
- Preeclampsia recurrence reduced 2 X by 50,000 IU of vitamin D every two weeks – RCT July 2017
- 50,000 IU of vitamin D for 8 weeks of pregnancy raised most above 30 nanograms - RCT Jan 2017
- Gestational Diabetes treated with 50,000 IU every two weeks – RCT Sept 2016
- Pregnancy – adding 35,000 IU Vitamin D weekly was nice, but not enough – RCT April 2016
- Preeclampsia reduced by Vitamin D (50,000 IU bi-weekly) and Calcium – Oct 2015
- No multiple sclerosis relapses during pregnancy if 50,000 IU of Vitamin D weekly – RCT April 2015
- 50,000 IU of Vitamin D every 2 weeks reduced gestational diabetes – RCT Feb 2015
- Gestational Diabetes reduced with 50,000 IU of vitamin D every 3 weeks and daily Calcium – RCT June 2014
- Breast milk resulted in 20 ng of vitamin D for infant if mother had taken 5,000 IU daily – RCT Dec 2013
- Prenatal Vitamin D (35,000 weekly, 3rd trimester) resulted in 1 cm taller infants at age 1 year – RCT Aug 2013
- Insulin resistance during pregnancy improved with 50,000 IU of vitamin D every 2 weeks – RCT April 2013
- Near the end of pregnancy 50,000 IU vitamin D weekly was great – RCT April 2013
- 35,000 IU vitamin D weekly during 3rd quarter pregnancy – RCT March 2013
Healthy pregnancies need lots of vitamin D has the following summary
Problem | Reduces | Evidence | ||
| 0. Chance of not conceiving | 3.4 times | Observe | ||
| 1. Miscarriage | 2.5 times | Observe | ||
| 2. Pre-eclampsia | 3.6 times | RCT | ||
| 3. Gestational Diabetes | 3 times | RCT | ||
| 4. Good 2nd trimester sleep quality | 3.5 times | Observe | ||
| 5. Premature birth | 2 times | RCT | ||
| 6. C-section - unplanned | 1.6 times | Observe | ||
| Stillbirth - OMEGA-3 | 4 times | RCT - Omega-3 | ||
| 7. Depression AFTER pregnancy | 1.4 times | RCT | ||
| 8. Small for Gestational Age | 1.6 times | meta-analysis | ||
| 9. Infant height, weight, head size within normal limits | RCT | |||
| 10. Childhood Wheezing | 1.3 times | RCT | ||
| 11. Additional child is Autistic | 4 times | Intervention | ||
| 12.Young adult Multiple Sclerosis | 1.9 times | Observe | ||
| 13. Preeclampsia in young adult | 3.5 times | RCT | ||
| 14. Good motor skills @ age 3 | 1.4 times | Observe | ||
| 15. Childhood Mite allergy | 5 times | RCT | ||
| 16. Childhood Respiratory Tract visits | 2.5 times | RCT | ||
RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial
Tarang Gupta, Harshna Sharma, Jaya Bajpai, Garima Kachhawa, Vidushi Kulshreshtha, Rajesh Khadgawat, Nandita Gupta, V. Sreenivas, Arul Selvi, Vandana Jain
Introduction: High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has been well documented during pregnancy. Maternal vitamin D status has been linked to maternal and fetal outcomes. It is hypothesized that supplementation of vitamin D during pregnancy may improve these outcomes. We planned a study to investigate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation, given in early stage of pregnancy, on maternal, fetal and newborn parameters.
Material & method: This randomized double blind active controlled clinical trial was carried out in pregnant subjects attending antenatal clinic, AIIMS. The inclusion criteria were age between 18-40 years, singleton pregnancy with gestational age between 12-16 weeks. Any subject who had high risk pregnancy, or any systemic disease, or received vitamin D supplementation in doses exceeding 600 IU in last three months, on any medication known to affect metabolism of vitamin D were excluded. Similarly, after screening, any subject with serum vitamin D level (S.VitD) >100 ng/ml or serum calcium more than upper limit of normal were also excluded. Sample size for this study was calculated based on primary outcome of improvement of vitamin D status of mother at the time of delivery.
Subjects randomized into four groups in ratio of 1:1:1:1(
- Group 1 - active control group received 600 units of vitamin D per day;
- Group 2 – 1000 units/day;
- Group 3 – 2000 units/day;
- Group 4 - 4000 units per day).
All groups received 1000 mg of elemental calcium (in two divided doses), and similar nutritional and lifestyle advice for standard management of pregnancy. Doses of vitamin D were calculated on daily basis but given orally, once a month, supervised in hospital. The primary outcome of the study was changes in vitamin D status of mother and newborn. Secondary outcomes of the study were weight gain during pregnancy, blood pressure, preterm labor, pre-eclampsia, fetal growth, newborn’s anthropometry, and insulin resistance in mother as well as in cord blood. Safety of intervention was assessed by regular monitoring of urinary calcium creatinine ration and serum calcium levels
Results: Total 243 subjects completed the study and were analyzed. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was seen in study population. Of total 243 subjects, 93.6% of subjects had VDD (S.VitD <20 ng/ml) while 97.5% subjects had S.VitD level <30 ng/ml. No significant difference was seen in S.VitD level among all four groups. Improvement in S.VitD level after supplementation is shown in Table -1. Among cord S.VitD status, 77.8% babies in group 1, 47.1% in group 2, 17.8% in group 3 and 6.2% in group 4 were VDD. Apart from S.VitD level, no significant difference was observed among all four groups in any other maternal, fetal and newborn parameters (maternal wt gain, pre-eclampsia, fetal growth, newborn’s anthropometry, and insulin resistance in mother as well as in cord blood).
Conclusion: Our study shows that supplementation of vitamin D in mother improves vitamin D status of newborn. However, vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy did not shown any effect on any other maternal, fetal and newborn parameter.