Headaches decreased by Vitamin D, Magnesium etc. – Review March 2022

.

---

Review on Headache Related to Dietary Supplements

Curr Pain Headache Rep . 2022 Mar 7. doi: 10.1007/s11916-022-01019-9.PDF behind paywall
Shadi Ariyanfar # 1, Soodeh Razeghi Jahromi # 2, Mansoureh Togha 3, Zeinab Ghorbani 4

Purpose of review: The lifetime prevalence of headaches is 96%. Approximately 11% of the adult population worldwide has a migraine headache. Migraine is a complex disorder that is more than a simple headache. So far, many underlying mechanisms, i.e. inflammatory, vascular, neurogenic have been hypothesized. In recent years evidences proposed that an energy deficit due to changes in mitochondrial function contributes to migraine pathophysiology as an upstream disorder. Recent insights suggested that the coexistence of sensory-stimuli surplus and energy-reserve shortage activate the trigeminovascular system. Some nutrients are considered as essential elements in mitochondrial bioenergetics and some others are known as natural immuno-modulatory components. Also, evidence showed their beneficial effect in headache prophylaxis and treatment. In present study, we aimed to review the available data in this field.

Recent findings: Vitamin B group, magnesium, and Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) are well-known for their function in mitochondrial energy metabolism. On the other hand, studies support their beneficial role in controlling migraine headache symptoms. For instance, daily intake of 400-milligram riboflavin for 3 months resulted in more than 50% reduction in migraine attacks in more than half of the consumers.
According to recent evidence, vitamin D and Omega-3 which are considered as famous immune-modulatory compounds are also reported to be effective in migraine prophylaxis. For example, every 22% reduction in migraine headache occurrence was reported for every 5 ng/ml rise in serum vitamin D. Supplementation with vitamin B group, CoQ10, magnesium, vitamin D and Omega-3 could be considered as an effective, less costly strategy in headache/migraine prophylaxis.

---

References

1. Saylor D, Steiner TJ. The global burden of headache. Semin Neurol. 2018;38(2):182–90. - PubMed
2. Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Vos T, Jensen R, Katsarava Z. Migraine is first cause of disability in under 50s: will health politicians now take notice?: Springer; 2018.
3. Burch RC, Buse DC, Lipton RB. Migraine: epidemiology, burden, and comorbidity. Neurol Clin. 2019;37(4):631–49. - PubMed
4. Altwaijri WA, Almazyad TA, Abuzaid YA, Alkhater JN, Ashmawi DM, Alnami GK, et al. Parental awareness of headaches among elementary school-aged children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional studyz. J Family Med and Primary Care. 2021;10(4):1773–9. - PubMed - PMC
5. Ariyanfar S, Razeghi Jahromi S, Rezaeimanesh N, Togha M, Ghorbani Z, Khadem E, et al. Fruit and vegetable intake and odds of pediatric migraine. Nutr Food Sci. 2020;50(5):829–40.
6. Gross EC, Lisicki M, Fischer D, Sándor PS, Schoenen J. The metabolic face of migraine—from pathophysiology to treatment. Nat Rev Neurol. 2019;15(11):627–43. - PubMed
7. Lisicki M, Schoenen J. Metabolic treatments of migraine. Expert Rev Neurother. 2020;20(3):295–302. - PubMed
8. Goadsby PJ, Lipton RB, Ferrari MD. Migraine—current understanding and treatment. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(4):257–70. - PubMed
9. Hassan SA, Farooque U, Choudhry AS, Pillai B, Sheikh FN. Therapeutic implications of altered energy metabolism in migraine: a state-of-the-art review. Cureus. 2020;12(6).
10. Lodi R, Kemp G, Pierangeli G, Cortelli P, Iotti S, Radda G, et al. Quantitative analysis of skeletal muscle bioenergetics and proton efflux in migraine and cluster headache. J Neurol Sci. 1997;146(1):73–80. - PubMed
11. Chen S, Dong Z, Zhao Y, Sai N, Wang X, Liu H, et al. Homocysteine induces mitochondrial dysfunction involving the crosstalk between oxidative stress and mitochondrial pSTAT3 in rat ischemic brain. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):1–12.
12. Yan TT, Li Q, Zhang XH, Wu WK, Sun J, Li L, et al. Homocysteine impaired endothelial function through compromised vascular endothelial growth factor/Akt/endothelial nitric oxide synthase signalling. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2010;37(11):1071–7. - PubMed
13. Estourgie-van Burk GF, van der Kuy PHM, de Meij TG, Benninga MA, Kneepkens CMF. Intranasal treatment of vitamin B(12) deficiency in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2020;179(2):349–52. - PubMed
14. Chambers JC, Ueland PM, Wright M, Doré CJ, Refsum H, Kooner JS. Investigation of relationship between reduced, oxidized, and protein-bound homocysteine and vascular endothelial function in healthy human subjects. Circ Res. 2001;89(2):187–92. - PubMed
15. Osorio-Bustamante D, Toro-Jiménez JC, Giraldo-Moreno N, Vargas-Henríquez LK, Machado-Alba JE, Castrillón-Spitia JD. Profilaxis En La Migraña: Descripción De La Prescripción En Un Primer Nivel De Colombia. Revista Ecuatoriana de Neurología. 2020;29:18–24.
16. Parohan M, Sarraf P, Javanbakht MH, Ranji-Burachaloo S, Djalali M. Effect of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on clinical features of migraine: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Neurosci. 2020;23(11):868–75. - PubMed
17. Rist PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Manson JE, Kurth T. Effect of vitamin D and/or marine n-3 fatty acid supplementation on changes in migraine Frequency and Severity. Am J Med. 2021;134(6):756-62.e5. - PubMed
18. Soldavini J. Krause’s food & the nutrition care process. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2019;51(10):1225.
19. Kennedy DO. B vitamins and the brain: mechanisms, dose and efficacy—a review. Nutrients. 2016;8(2):68. - PubMed - PMC
20. Balasubramaniam S, Yaplito-Lee J. riboflavin metabolism: role in mitochondrial function. J Transl Genet Genom. 2020;4(4):285–306.
21. Aydin H, Bucak IH, Geyik M. vitamin B12 and folic acid levels in pediatric migraine patients. Acta Neurol Belg. 2020.
22. MacLennan SC, Wade FM, Forrest KM, Ratanayake PD, Fagan E, Antony J. High-dose riboflavin for migraine prophylaxis in children: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Child Neurol. 2008;23(11):1300–4. - PubMed
23. Condò M, Posar A, Arbizzani A, Parmeggiani A. riboflavin prophylaxis in pediatric and adolescent migraine. J Headache Pain. 2009;10(5):361–5. - PubMed - PMC
24. Rahimdel A, Zeinali A, Yazdian-Anari P, Hajizadeh R, Arefnia E. Effectiveness of vitamin B2 versus sodium valproate in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized clinical trial. Electron Physician. 2015;7(6):1344–8. - PubMed - PMC
25. Maizels M, Blumenfeld A, Burchette R. A combination of riboflavin, magnesium, and feverfew for migraine prophylaxis: a randomized trial. Headache. 2004;44(9):885–90. - PubMed
26. Schoenen J, Jacquy J, Lenaerts M. Effectiveness of high-dose riboflavin in migraine prophylaxis. A randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 1998;50(2):466–70. - PubMed
27. Boehnke C, Reuter U, Flach U, Schuh-Hofer S, Einhaupl KM, Arnold G. High-dose riboflavin treatment is efficacious in migraine prophylaxis: an open study in a tertiary care centre. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11(7):475–7. - PubMed
28. Bruijn J, Duivenvoorden H, Passchier J, Locher H, Dijkstra N, Arts WF. Medium-dose riboflavin as a prophylactic agent in children with migraine: a preliminary placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind, cross-over trial. Cephalalgia. 2010;30(12):1426–34. - PubMed
29. Børte S, Zwart J-A, Skogholt AH, Gabrielsen ME, Thomas LF, Fritsche LG, et al. Mitochondrial genome-wide association study of migraine – the HUNT Study. Cephalalgia. 2020;40(6):625–34. - PubMed - PMC
30. Rajapakse T, Pringsheim T. Nutraceuticals in migraine: a summary of existing guidelines for use. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2016;56(4):808–16.
31. Bianchi A, Salomone S, Caraci F, Pizza V, Bernardini R, D’Amato CC. Role of magnesium, coenzyme Q10, riboflavin, and vitamin B12 in migraine prophylaxis. Vitam Horm. 2004;69:297–312. - PubMed
32. Bottiglieri T. Folate, vitamin B12, and S-adenosylmethionine. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013;36(1):1–13. - PubMed
33. Menon S, Nasir B, Avgan N, Ghassabian S, Oliver C, Lea R, et al. The effect of 1 mg folic acid supplementation on clinical outcomes in female migraine with aura patients. J Headache Pain. 2016;17(1):60. - PubMed - PMC
34. Lea R, Colson N, Quinlan S, Macmillan J, Griffiths L. The effects of vitamin supplementation and MTHFR (C677T) genotype on homocysteine-lowering and migraine disability. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2009;19(6):422–8. - PubMed
35. Calik M, Aktas MS, Cecen E, Piskin IE, Ayaydın H, Ornek Z, et al. The association between serum vitamin B(12) deficiency and tension-type headache in Turkish children. Neurol Sci. 2018;39(6):1009–14. - PubMed
36. Togha M, Razeghi Jahromi S, Ghorbani Z, Martami F, Seifishahpar M. Serum vitamin B12 and methylmalonic acid status in migraineurs: a case-control study. Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain. 2019;59(9):1492–503.
37. Menon S, Lea RA, Roy B, Hanna M, Wee S, Haupt LM, et al. Genotypes of the MTHFR C677T and MTRR A66G genes act independently to reduce migraine disability in response to vitamin supplementation. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2012;22(10):741–9. - PubMed
38. Askari G, Nasiri M, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Rezaie M, Bagheri-Bidakhavidi M, Sadeghi O. The effects of folic acid and pyridoxine supplementation on characteristics of migraine attacks in migraine patients with aura: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif). 2017;38:74–9.
39. Sadeghi O, Nasiri M, Maghsoudi Z, Pahlavani N, Rezaie M, Askari G. Effects of pyridoxine supplementation on severity, frequency and duration of migraine attacks in migraine patients with aura: A double-blind randomized clinical trial study in Iran. Iran J Neurol. 2015;14(2):74–80. - PubMed - PMC
40. Togha M, Rahmanzadeh R, Nematgorgani S, Yari Z, Razeghi Jahromi S, Refaeian F. Suppression of menstrual-related migraine attack severity using pyridoxine, thiamine, and cyanocobalamin: a quasi-experimental within-subject design. Arch Neurosci. 2020;7(3).
41. Liampas IN, Siokas V, Aloizou AM, Tsouris Z, Dastamani M, Aslanidou P, et al. Pyridoxine, folate and cobalamin for migraine: a systematic review. Acta Neurol Scand. 2020;142(2):108–20. - PubMed
42. Oedegaard KJ, Neckelmann D, Mykletun A, Dahl AA, Zwart JA, Hagen K, et al. Migraine with and without aura: association with depression and anxiety disorder in a population-based study. The HUNT Study. Cephalalgia. 2006;26(1):1–6.
43. Coppen A, Bolander-Gouaille C. Treatment of depression: time to consider folic acid and vitamin B12. J Psychopharmacol. 2005;19(1):59–65. - PubMed
44. Dindo L, Recober A, Marchman JN, Turvey C, O’Hara MW. One-day behavioral treatment for patients with comorbid depression and migraine: a pilot study. Behav Res Ther. 2012;50(9):537–43. - PubMed - PMC
45. Bhagavan HN, Chopra RK. Coenzyme Q10: absorption, tissue uptake, metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Free Radical Res. 2006;40(5):445–53.
46. Rozen T, Oshinsky M, Gebeline C, Bradley K, Young W, Shechter A, et al. Open label trial of coenzyme Q10 as a migraine preventive. Cephalalgia. 2002;22(2):137–41. - PubMed
47. Dahri M, Tarighat-Esfanjani A, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Hashemilar M. Oral coenzyme Q10 supplementation in patients with migraine: effects on clinical features and inflammatory markers. Nutr Neurosci. 2019;22(9):607–15. - PubMed
48. Dalla Volta G, Carli D, Zavarise P, Ngonga G, Vollaro S. P026. Pilot study on the use of coenzyme Q10 in a group of patients with episodic migraine without aura. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(Suppl 1):A186. - PubMed - PMC
49. Hajihashemi P, Askari G, Khorvash F, Reza Maracy M, Nourian M. The effects of concurrent Coenzyme Q10, L-carnitine supplementation in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Cephalalgia. 2019;39(5):648–54. - PubMed
50. Guilbot A, Bangratz M, Ait Abdellah S, Lucas C. A combination of coenzyme Q10, feverfew and magnesium for migraine prophylaxis: a prospective observational study. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):433. - PubMed - PMC
51. Sun-Edelstein C, Mauskop A. Role of magnesium in the pathogenesis and treatment of migraine. Expert Rev Neurother. 2009;9(3):369–79. - PubMed
52. Bigal ME, Bordini CA, Tepper SJ, Speciali JG. Intravenous magnesium sulphate in the acute treatment of migraine without aura and migraine with aura. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Cephalalgia. 2002;22(5):345–53. - PubMed
53. Assarzadegan F, Asgarzadeh S, Hatamabadi HR, Shahrami A, Tabatabaey A, Asgarzadeh M. Serum concentration of magnesium as an independent risk factor in migraine attacks: a matched case-control study and review of the literature. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016;31(5):287–92. - PubMed
54. Talebi M, Savadi-Oskouei D, Farhoudi M, Mohammadzade S, Ghaemmaghamihezaveh S, Hasani A, et al. Relation between serum magnesium level and migraine attacks. Neurosciences (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). 2011;16(4):320–3.
55. Assarzadegan F, Asadollahi M, Derakhshanfar H, Kashefizadeh A, Aryani O, Khorshidi M. Measuring Serum Level of Ionized magnesium in Patients with Migraine. Iran J Child Neurol. 2015;9(3):13. - PubMed - PMC
56. Samaie A, Asghari N, Ghorbani R, Arda J. Blood magnesium levels in migraineurs within and between the headache attacks: a case control study. Pan Afr Med J. 2012;11:46. - PubMed - PMC
57. Baratloo A, Mirbaha S, Delavar Kasmaei H, Payandemehr P, Elmaraezy A, Negida A. Intravenous caffeine citrate vs magnesium sulfate for reducing pain in patients with acute migraine headache; a prospective quasi-experimental study. Korean J Pain. 2017;30(3):176–82. - PubMed - PMC
58. Facchinetti F, Sances G, Borella P, Genazzani AR, Nappi G. magnesium prophylaxis of menstrual migraine: effects on intracellular magnesium. Headache. 1991;31(5):298–301. - PubMed
59. Peikert A, Wilimzig C, Köhne-Volland R. Prophylaxis of migraine with oral magnesium: results from a prospective, multi-center, placebo-controlled and double-blind randomized study. Cephalalgia. 1996;16(4):257–63. - PubMed
60. Koseoglu E, Talaslioglu A, Gonul AS, Kula M. The effects of magnesium prophylaxis in migraine without aura. Magnes Res. 2008;21(2):101–8. - PubMed
61. Tarighat Esfanjani A, Mahdavi R, Ebrahimi Mameghani M, Talebi M, Nikniaz Z, Safaiyan A. The effects of magnesium, L-carnitine, and concurrent magnesium-L-carnitine supplementation in migraine prophylaxis. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2012;150(1–3):42–8. - PubMed
62. Choi H, Parmar N. The use of intravenous magnesium sulphate for acute migraine: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Emerg Med. 2014;21(1):2–9. - PubMed
63. Dolati S, Rikhtegar R, Mehdizadeh A, Yousefi M. The role of magnesium in pathophysiology and migraine treatment. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2020;196(2):375–83. - PubMed
64. Vieth R. vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(5):842–56. - PubMed
65. Togha M, Razeghi Jahromi S, Ghorbani Z, Martami F, Seifishahpar M. Serum vitamin D status in a group of migraine patients compared with healthy controls: a case-control study. Headache. 2018;58(10):1530–40. - PubMed
66. Ghorbani Z, Togha M, Rafiee P, Ahmadi ZS, Rasekh Magham R, Djalali M, et al. vitamin D3 might improve headache characteristics and protect against inflammation in migraine: a randomized clinical trial. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(5):1183–92. - PubMed
67. Mahmoud AM, Szczurek M, Hassan C, Masrur M, Gangemi A, Phillips SA. vitamin D improves nitric oxide-dependent vasodilation in adipose tissue arterioles from bariatric surgery patients. Nutrients. 2019;11(10):2521. - PMC
68. Alamro AA, Alsulami EA, Almutlaq M, Alghamedi A, Alokail M, Haq SH. Therapeutic potential of vitamin D and curcumin in an in vitro model of alzheimer disease. J Cent Nerv Syst Dis. 2020;12:1179573520924311. - PubMed - PMC
69. Iannacchero R, Costa A, Squillace A, Gallelli L, Cannistrà U, De Sarro G. P060. vitamin D deficiency in episodic migraine, chronic migraine and medication-overuse headache patients. J Headache Pain. 2015;16(Suppl 1):A184-A. - PubMed - PMC
70. Prakash S, Kumar M, Belani P, Susvirkar A, Ahuja S. Interrelationships between chronic tension-type headache, musculoskeletal pain, and vitamin D deficiency: Is osteomalacia responsible for both headache and musculoskeletal pain? Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2013;16(4):650–8. - PubMed - PMC
71. Song TJ, Chu MK, Sohn JH, Ahn HY, Lee SH, Cho SJ. Effect of citamin D deficiency on the frequency of headaches in migraine. J Clin Neurol (Seoul, Korea). 2018;14(3):366–73.
72. Knutsen KV, Brekke M, Gjelstad S, Lagerløv P. vitamin D status in patients with musculoskeletal pain, fatigue and headache: A cross-sectional descriptive study in a multi-ethnic general practice in Norway. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2010;28(3):166–71. - PubMed - PMC
73. Donmez A, Orun E, Sonmez FM. vitamin D status in children with headache: a case-control study. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2018;23:222–7. - PubMed
74. Rapisarda L, Mazza MR, Tosto F, Gambardella A, Bono F, Sarica A. Relationship between severity of migraine and vitamin D deficiency: a case-control study. Neurol Sci. 2018;39(Suppl 1):167–8. - PubMed
75. Kjaergaard M, Eggen AE, Mathiesen EB, Jorde R. Association between headache and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D: the Tromsø Study: Tromsø 6. Headache. 2012;52(10):1499–505. - PubMed
76. Buettner C, Burstein R. Association of statin use and risk for severe headache or migraine by serum vitamin D status: a cross-sectional population-based study. Cephalalgia. 2015;35(9):757–66. - PubMed
77. Celikbilek A, Gocmen AY, Zararsiz G, Tanik N, Ak H, Borekci E, et al. Serum levels of vitamin D, vitamin D-binding protein and vitamin D receptor in migraine patients from central Anatolia region. Int J Clin Pract. 2014;68(10):1272–7. - PubMed
78. Mottaghi T, Khorvash F, Askari G, Maracy MR, Ghiasvand R, Maghsoudi Z, et al. The relationship between serum levels of vitamin D and migraine. J Res Med Sci. 2013;18(Suppl 1):S66-70. - PubMed - PMC
79. Virtanen JK, Giniatullin R, Mäntyselkä P, Voutilainen S, Nurmi T, Mursu J, et al. Low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with higher risk of frequent headache in middle-aged and older men. Sci Rep. 2017;7:39697. - PubMed - PMC
80. Mottaghi T, Askari G, Khorvash F, Maracy MR. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on symptoms and C-reactive protein in migraine patients. J Res Med Sci. 2015;20(5):477–82. - PubMed - PMC
81. Knutsen KV, Madar AA, Brekke M, Meyer HE, Natvig B, Mdala I, et al. Effect of vitamin D on musculoskeletal pain and headache: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among adult ethnic minorities in Norway. Pain. 2014;155(12):2591–8. - PubMed
82. Zandifar A, Masjedi SS, Banihashemi M, Asgari F, Manouchehri N, Ebrahimi H, et al. vitamin D status in migraine patients: a case-control study. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:514782. - PubMed - PMC
83. Ghorbani Z, Rafiee P, Fotouhi A, Haghighi S, Rasekh Magham R, Ahmadi ZS, et al. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on interictal serum levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in episodic migraine patients: post hoc analysis of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Headache Pain. 2020;21(1):22. - PubMed - PMC
84. Gazerani P, Fuglsang R, Pedersen JG, Sørensen J, Kjeldsen JL, Yassin H, et al. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel trial of vitamin D(3) supplementation in adult patients with migraine. Curr Med Res Opin. 2019;35(4):715–23. - PubMed
85. Buettner C, Nir RR, Bertisch SM, Bernstein C, Schain A, Mittleman MA, et al. Simvastatin and vitamin D for migraine prevention: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Neurol. 2015;78(6):970–81. - PubMed - PMC
86. Cayir A, Turan MI, Tan H. Effect of vitamin D therapy in addition to amitriptyline on migraine attacks in pediatric patients. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2014;47(4):349–54. - PubMed - PMC
87. Helde-Frankling M, Björkhem-Bergman L. vitamin D in pain management. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(10).
88. Yong WC, Sanguankeo A, Upala S. Effect of vitamin D supplementation in chronic widespread pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rheumatol. 2017;36(12):2825–33. - PubMed
89. de Oliveira DL, Hirotsu C, Tufik S, Andersen ML. The interfaces between vitamin D, sleep and pain. J Endocrinol. 2017;234(1):R23-r36. - PubMed
90. Wu Z, Malihi Z, Stewart AW, Lawes CM, Scragg R. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Physician. 2016;19(7):415–27. - PubMed
91. Cardia L, Calapai F, Mondello C, Quattrone D, Elisa Sorbara E, Mannucci C, et al. Clinical use of omega-3 fatty acids in migraine: a narrative review. Medicine. 2020;99(42):e22253. - PubMed - PMC
92. Soveyd N, Abdolahi M, Bitarafan S, Tafakhori A, Sarraf P, Togha M, et al. Molecular mechanisms of omega-3 fatty acids in the migraine headache. Iran J Neurol. 2017;16(4):210–7. - PubMed - PMC
93. Pradalier A, Bakouche P, Baudesson G, Delage A, Cornaille-Lafage G, Launay JM, et al. Failure of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in prevention of migraine: a double-blind study versus placebo. Cephalalgia. 2001;21(8):818–22. - PubMed
94. Castaño G, Arruzazabala ML, Fernández L, Mas R, Carbajal D, Molina V, et al. Effects of combination treatment with policosanol and omega-3 fatty acids on platelet aggregation: a randomized, double-blind clinical study. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp. 2006;67(3):174–92. - PubMed - PMC
95. Patrick RP, Ames BN. vitamin D and the omega-3 fatty acids control serotonin synthesis and action, part 2: relevance for ADHD, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and impulsive behavior. FASEB J. 2015;29(6):2207–22. - PubMed
96. Abdolahi M, Tafakhori A, Togha M, Okhovat AA, Siassi F, Eshraghian MR, et al. The synergistic effects of ω-3 fatty acids and nano-curcumin supplementation on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α gene expression and serum level in migraine patients. Immunogenetics. 2017;69(6):371–8. - PubMed
97. Sawyer Q, Vesci B, McLeod TC. Physical activity and intermittent postconcussion symptoms after a period of symptom-limited physical and cognitive rest. J Athl Train. 2016;51(9):739–42. - PubMed - PMC
98. Jia Q, Ivanov I, Zlatev ZZ, Alaniz RC, Weeks BR, Callaway ES, et al. Dietary fish oil and curcumin combine to modulate colonic cytokinetics and gene expression in dextran sodium sulphate-treated mice. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(4):519–29. - PubMed - PMC
99. Mirza M, Volz C, Karlstetter M, Langiu M, Somogyi A, Ruonala MO, et al. Progressive retinal degeneration and glial activation in the CLN6 (nclf) mouse model of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis: a beneficial effect of DHA and curcumin supplementation. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e75963. - PubMed - PMC
100. Tajmirriahi M, Sohelipour M, Basiri K, Shaygannejad V, Ghorbani A, Saadatnia M. The effects of sodium valproate with fish oil supplementation or alone in migraine prevention: a randomized single-blind clinical trial. Iran J Neurol. 2012;11(1):21–4. - PubMed - PMC

---

Vitamin D Life - Headache starts with

44 Headache pages

Cluster Headache, etc.

• Cluster Headaches treated by high-dose Vitamin D, etc. (interview and transcript) - Feb 2022
• Cluster headaches virtually eliminated in 7,000 people with high-dose vitamin D and cofactors - Feb 2022
• Comparing High-dose vitamin D therapies
• Headaches helped by Vitamin D in 7 studies – Jan 2020

21+ Vitamin D Life pages have MIGRAINE in the title
This list is automatically updated

---

Vitamin D Life - both categories Headache and Magnesium

This list is automatically updated

See on web: Headaches and Magnesium: Mechanisms, Bioavailability, Therapeutic Efficacy and Potential Advantage of Magnesium Pidolate - 2022 -10.3390/nu12092660 FREE PDF