Higher vitamin D levels in HIV-infected out-patients on treatment with boosted protease inhibitor monotherapy.
HIV Med. 2013 Oct;14(9):556-62. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12049. Epub 2013 Jun 5.
Cervero M1, Agud JL, Torres R, García-Lacalle C, Alcázar V, Jusdado JJ, Moreno S.
97% of Blacks had < 30 ng of vitamin D (11X more than Caucasians)
boosted PI monotherapy was associated with a lower risk of vitamin D
OBJECTIVES:
We investigated the vitamin D status of patients receiving frequently used types of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), including boosted protease inhibitor (PI) monotherapy.
METHODS:
For this cross-sectional study, out of 450 HIV-infected patients followed in the Hospital Severo Ochoa (Madrid, Spain), we selected 352 patients for whom vitamin D levels had been measured (January 2009 to December 2010). We collected the following data: demographics, cART duration, main cART regimen, viral load (VL), CD4 cell count, and concentrations of 25(OH)-vitamin D 25(OH)-D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), albumin and calcium. Vitamin D status cut-off points were: (1) deficiency (vitDd): 25(OH)-D < 20 ng/mL; (2) insufficiency (vitDi): 25(OH)-D from 20 to 29.99 ng/mL; and (3) optimal (vitDo): 25(OH)-D ≥ 30 ng/mL.
RESULTS:
The percentages of patients with vitDd, vitDi and vitDo were 44, 27.6 and 28.5%, respectively. Twenty-nine out of 30 (96.7%) Black patients had vitDd or vitDi, vs. 71.6% in the global sample (P < 0.001). Former injecting drug users (IDUs) had a higher prevalence of vitDo (P < 0.001) than patients in other transmission categories.
Among patients with vitDd, vitDi and vitDo, the proportions of patients with a VL ≤ 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL were 77.4, 68 and 91%, respectively (P < 0.0001).
Of the cART regimens, only boosted PI monotherapy was associated with significant differences in vitamin D levels (P = 0.039). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed an increased risk of vitDi or vitDd associated with the following variables:
- Black vs. Caucasian ethnicity odds ratio (OR) 10.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-94; P = 0.033;
- heterosexual (OR 2.37; 95% CI 1.13-4.93; P = 0.022) or
- men who have sex with men (MSM) (OR 3.25; 95% CI 1.25-8.50; P = 0.016) transmission category vs. former IDU; and
- VL > 50 copies/mL (OR 2.56; 95% CI 1.10-7.25; P = 0.040).
A lower risk of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency was found in patients on boosted PI monotherapy vs. no treatment (OR 0.08; 95% CI 0.01-0.6; P = 0.018).
CONCLUSIONS:
Our data show an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency in patients with detectable VL and a Black ethnic background. Among cART regimens, boosted PI monotherapy was associated with a lower risk of vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency. The more favourable vitamin D status in former IDUs was probably attributable to a higher frequency of outdoor jobs in this group of patients.
© 2013 British HIV Association.
PMID: 23738846
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