Vitamin D Status during Pregnancy in a Multi-Ethnic Population-Representative Swedish Cohort
Nutrients 2016, 8(10), 655; doi:10.3390/nu8100655
Linnea Bärebring 1, Inez Schoenmakers 2,3, Anna Glantz 4, Lena Hulthén 1, Åse Jagner 4, Joy Ellis 5, Mattias Bärebring 6, Maria Bullarbo 7,8 and Hanna Augustin 1
- 78 percent of pregnant immigrants in Sweden had less than 10 ng low vitamin D – Nov 2013
- 80 percent of South Asian Women in UK had less than 10 ng of vitamin D in winter – April 2012
- Vitamin D once during pregnancy reduced infant health care costs (300 times ROI) – RCT Dec 2015
- Ethnicity and low vitamin D levels during pregnancy – Jan 2016 Norway
| < 10 ng | Mother was born in | |
| 45 % | South Asia | |
| 40 % | Middle East | |
| 26 % | Sub-Saharan Africa | |
| 3% | East Asia | |
| 1 % | Western Europe | |
Pregnancy category starts with
- see also
- Overview Pregnancy and vitamin D
- Number of articles in both categories of Pregnancy and:
Dark Skin25 ; Depression 17 ; Diabetes 39 ; Obesity 12 ; Hypertension 35 ; Breathing 29 ; Omega-3 30 ; Vitamin D Receptor 18 - All items in category Infant/Child
606 items - breastfed 887 items as of Jan 2018
- Preeclampsia 825 items as of Jan 2018
- Pre-term 4710 items as of Dec 2018
- "polycystic ovary syndrome" OR PCOS 303 items as of Jan 2018
- Gestational Diabetes
- c-section OR "caesarean section" (various spellings) 937 items as of Aug 2020
- postpartum depression 208 items as of Aug 2018
- Search VitaminDiiki for MISCARRIAGE OR "Spontaneous abortion" 794 as of Feb 2020
- Search Vitamin D Life for "Assisted reproduction" 33 items as of Feb 2017
- Fertility and Sperm category listing has
109 items along with related searches - (Stunting OR “low birth weight” OR LBW) 1180 items as of June 2020
- Healthy pregnancies need lots of vitamin D
- Ensure a healthy pregnancy and baby - take Vitamin D before conception
Healthy pregnancies need lots of vitamin D has the following summary
ProblemReduces Evidence 0. Chance of not conceiving 3.4 times Observe 1. Miscarriage 2.5 times Observe 2. Pre-eclampsia 3.6 times RCT 3. Gestational Diabetes 3 times RCT 4. Good 2nd trimester sleep quality 3.5 times Observe 5. Premature birth 2 times RCT 6. C-section - unplanned 1.6 times Observe Stillbirth - OMEGA-3 4 times RCT - Omega-3 7. Depression AFTER pregnancy 1.4 times RCT 8. Small for Gestational Age 1.6 times meta-analysis 9. Infant height, weight, head size
within normal limitsRCT 10. Childhood Wheezing 1.3 times RCT 11. Additional child is Autistic 4 times Intervention 12.Young adult Multiple Sclerosis 1.9 times Observe 13. Preeclampsia in young adult 3.5 times RCT 14. Good motor skills @ age 3 1.4 times Observe 15. Childhood Mite allergy 5 times RCT 16. Childhood Respiratory Tract visits 2.5 times RCT RCT = Randomized Controlled Trial
Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life
Graphs of vitamin D during 1st and 3rd trimesters
Upper pair = All women (not just light skinned)
Lower pair = Asian/African womenIf very low Vitamin D (< 12 ng) the woman is 22X more likely to be an Asian woman
Specuation: Muslim women wearing concealing clothing, and Swedish women taking cod liver oil and/or fish diet
There is currently little information on changes in vitamin D status during pregnancy and its predictors. The aim was to study the determinants of change in vitamin D status during pregnancy and of vitamin D deficiency (<30 nmol/L) in early pregnancy. Blood was drawn in the first (T1) and third trimester (T3). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (N = 1985) was analysed by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry. Season-corrected 25(OH)D was calculated by fitting cosine functions to the data. Mean (standard deviation) 25(OH)D was 64.5(24.5) nmol/L at T1 and 74.6(34.4) at T3. Mean age was 31.3(4.9) years, mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.5(4.2) kg/m2 and 74% of the women were born in Sweden. Vitamin D deficiency was common among women born in Africa (51%) and Asia (46%) and prevalent in 10% of the whole cohort. Determinants of vitamin D deficiency at T1 were of non-North European origin, and had less sun exposure, lower vitamin D intake and lower age. Season-corrected 25(OH)D increased by 11(23) nmol/L from T1 to T3. The determinants of season-corrected change in 25(OH)D were origin, sun-seeking behaviour, clothing style, dietary vitamin D intake, vitamin D supplementation and recent travel <35° N. In conclusion, season-corrected 25(OH)D concentration increased during pregnancy and depended partly on lifestyle factors. The overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was low but common among women born in Africa and Asia. Among them, the determinants of both vitamin D deficiency and change in season-corrected vitamin D status were fewer, indicating a smaller effect of sun exposure.Vitamin D levels rise during pregnancy – Oct 2016Printer Friendly PDF this page! Follow this page for updates2220 visitors, last modified 22 Oct, 2016, This page is in the following categories (# of items in each category)Pregnancy750 Attached files
ID Name Comment Uploaded Size Downloads 7219 OR of less than 12 ng in T1.jpg admin 22 Oct, 2016 13:54 10.91 Kb 292 7218 preg vs season.jpg admin 22 Oct, 2016 13:54 45.36 Kb 373 7217 Pregnancy and Vit D 1st and 3rd trimester.pdf PDF 2016 admin 22 Oct, 2016 13:53 429.85 Kb 287 See any problem with this page? Report it (FINALLY WORKS) - All items in category Infant/Child