Dark skinned NCAA basketball players were 15X more likely to have low vitamin D – Feb 2014

Prevalence of Abnormal Vitamin D Levels Among Division I NCAA Athletes

Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach February 25, 2014 1941738114524517
Diego Villacis, MD†, Anthony Yi, BS*,†, Ryan Jahn, BS†, Curtis J. Kephart, MD†, Timothy Charlton, MD†, Seth C. Gamradt, MD†, Russ Romano, MA, ATC‡, James E. Tibone, MD† and George F. Rick Hatch III, MD†
†Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, Keck Hospital of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
‡Athletic Training Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
*Anthony Yi, BS, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, Keck Hospital of University of Southern California, 1500 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033 (e-mail: yi.anthony.m at gmail.com).

Background: Up to 1 billion people have insufficient or deficient vitamin D levels. Despite the well-documented, widespread prevalence of low vitamin D levels and the importance of vitamin D for athletes, there is a paucity of research investigating the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in athletes.

Hypothesis: We investigated the prevalence of abnormal vitamin D levels in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I college athletes at a single institution. We hypothesized that vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent among our cohort.

Study Design: Cohort study.
Level of Evidence: Level 1.

Methods: We measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels of 223 NCAA Division I athletes between June 2012 and August 2012. The prevalence of normal (≥32 ng/mL), insufficient (20 to <32 ng/mL), and deficient (<20 ng/mL) vitamin D levels was determined. Logistic regression was utilized to analyze risk factors for abnormal vitamin D levels.

Results: The mean serum 25(OH)D level for the 223 members of this study was 40.1 ± 14.9 ng/mL. Overall,

• 148 (66.4%) participants had sufficient 25(OH)D levels, and
• 75 (33.6%) had abnormal levels.

Univariate analysis revealed the following significant predictors of abnormal vitamin D levels:

• male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 2.83; P = 0.0006),
• Hispanic race (OR = 6.07; P = 0.0063),
• black race (OR = 19.1; P < 0.0001), and
• dark skin tone (OR = 15.2; P < 0.0001).

Only dark skin tone remained a significant predictor of abnormal vitamin D levels after multivariate analysis (adjusted OR = 15.2; P < 0.0001).

Conclusion: In a large cohort of NCAA athletes, more than one third had abnormal vitamin D levels. Races with dark skin tones are at much higher risk than white athletes. Male athletes are more likely than female athletes to be vitamin D deficient. Our study demonstrates a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among healthy NCAA athletes.

Clinical Relevance: Many studies indicate a significant prevalence of vitamin-D insufficiency across various populations. Recent studies have demonstrated a direct relationship between serum 25(OH)D levels and muscle power, force, velocity, and optimal bone mass. In fact, studies examining muscle biopsies from patients with low vitamin D levels have demonstrated atrophic changes in type II muscle fibers, which are crucial to most athletes. Furthermore, insufficient 25(OH)D levels can result in secondary hyperparathyroidism, increased bone turnover, bone loss, and increased risk of low trauma fractures and muscle injuries. Despite this well-documented relationship between vitamin D and athletic performance, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in NCAA athletes has not been well studied.

abnormal is < 32 ng.
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See also Vitamin D Life

• NCAA trainers are getting on board the Vitamin D train (40-50 ng)– Nov 2019
• NCAA athletes – one third had low levels of vitamin D, 19X more likely if black race – March 2015
  • same authors and study as the item on the current page. Includes two tables

Overview Sports and vitamin D has the following summary
Athletes are helped by vitamin D by:

1. Faster reaction time
2. Far fewer colds/flus during the winter
3. Less sore/tired after a workout
4. Fewer micro-cracks and broken bones
5. Bones which do break heal much more quickly
6. Increased VO2 and exercise endurance Feb 2011
7. Indoor athletes especially need vitamin D
8. Professional indoor athletes are starting to take vitamin D and/or use UV beds
9. Olympic athletes have used UV/vitamin D since the 1930's
10. The biggest gain from the use of vitamin D is by those who exercise less than 2 hours per day.
11. Reduced muscle fatigue with 10,000 IU vitamin D daily
12. Muscle strength improved when vitamin D added: 3 Meta-analysis
13. Reduced Concussions
    See also: Sports and Vitamin D category 231 items

Pages which are listed in BOTH of the categories Dark Skin and Sports