Nationwide data on municipal drinking water and hip fracture:
Could calcium and magnesium be protective? A NOREPOS study
Bone, Available online 2 July 2013
Cecilie Dahl a, b, Cecilie.Dahl at fhi.no, Anne Johanne Søgaard a, Grethe S. Tel b, Trond Peder Flaten c,
Dag Hongve d, Tone Kristin Omsland b, e, Kristin Holvik b, Haakon E. Meyer a, e, Geir Aamodt a
a Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
b Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
c Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
d Division of Environmental Medicine, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
e Department of Community Medicine (Institute of Health and Society), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Highlights
- We investigated Norwegian municipal drinking water concentrations of calcium and magnesium in relations to over 19,000 incident hip fractures nationwide
- Magnesium was found to have an inverse association with hip fracture risk in both men and women
- No consistent association between calcium and hip fracture risk was observed
- A higher degree of urbanization was associated with an increase in hip fracture risk, regardless of calcium and magnesium
Norway has a high incidence of hip fractures, and the incidence varies by degree of urbanization. This variation may reflect a difference in underlying environmental factors, perhaps variations in the concentration of calcium and magnesium in municipal drinking water. A trace metals survey (1986-1991) in 556 waterworks (supplying 64% of the Norwegian population) was linked geographically to hip fractures from hospitals throughout the country (1994-2000). In all, 5,472 men and 13,604 women aged 50-85 years suffered a hip fracture. Poisson regression models were fitted, adjusting for age, urbanization degree, region of residence, type of water source, and pH. The concentrations of calcium and magnesium in drinking water were generally low.
An inverse association was found between concentration of magnesium and risk of hip fracture in both genders (IRR men highest vs. lowest tertile = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.87; IRR women highest vs. lowest tertile = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.95), but no consistent association between calcium and hip fracture risk was observed. The highest tertile of urbanization degree (city), compared to the lowest (rural), was related to a 23 and 24 percent increase in hip fracture risk in men and women, respectively. The association between magnesium and hip fracture did not explain the variation in hip fracture risk between city and rural areas. Magnesium in drinking water may have a protective role against hip fractures; however this association should be further investigated.
Proven previously by studies in Vitamin D Life
Vitamin D reduces falls
Vitamin D retains bone strength
Magneisum retains bone strength
Vitamin K-2 retains bone strength
See also Vitamin D Life
- Overview Fractures and Falls and Vitamin D
- Male Hip fracture 1.65X more likely if low vitamin D – May 2013
- Magnesium may be more important to kids’ bone health than calcium – May 2013
- Hip fracture 19 percent less likely with just 4 ng higher level of vitamin D – Dec 2012
- Vitamin D may prevent falls and fractures without Calcium – an overview of 9 meta-analysis – Oct 2012
- Vitamin K-2 (180 ug MK-7) helped both bone density and strength – RCT March 2013
- 22 percent more bone cracking found with low vitamin D – July 2013