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Vitamin D3 promotes autophagy in THP-1 cells infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Exp Ther Med. 2022 Mar;23(3):240. doi: 10.3892/etm.2022.11165. Epub 2022 Jan 25.
Yiming Wu 1 2, Xue Lin 1 2, Fuyang Song 1 2, Di Xue 1 2, Yujiong Wang 1 2
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Tuberculosis (TB) is a major disease that causes mortality worldwide. The lethality of this disease is a result of the contagious bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Infection can inhibit phagosomal maturation, with M.tb mainly attacking macrophages and inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis. Vitamin D has been used to treat tuberculosis, whereby the active metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, may enhance the immune response to M.tb. Moreover, macrophages infected with M.tb have a high demand for Ca2+. However, the mechanisms by which vitamin D3 protects against and treats TB remain unclear. In the present study, MTT assay showed that vitamin D3 decreased the viability of THP-1 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Autophagy-related factors in THP-1 cells infected with M.tb were analyzed by western blotting and RT-qPCR and the results demonstrated that vitamin D3 significantly increased the expression level of p62, LC3Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ, Beclin-1, ATG-5 and AMPK in THP-1 cells following M.tb infection.
The Ca2+ concentration assay demonstrated that vitamin D3 may promoted cellular autophagy by inhibiting the concentration of Ca2+. Furthermore, the effect of vitamin D3 on M.tb infection was also assessed using Balb/c mice; pulmonary injury was assessed by H&E staining of the lungs tissue. The results demonstrated that vitamin D3 markedly attenuated cellular damage caused by M.tb infection.
In conclusion, the present study indicated that vitamin D3 may activate cell autophagy signals by inhibiting the concentration of Ca2+. These data may improve understanding of the effect of vitamin D3 on M.tb infection and help determine the underlying mechanism of vitamin D3 to alleviate and treat the inflammatory response caused by TB.
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Vitamin D Life - Tuberculosis category
- TB patients had low Vitamin D and poor Vitamin D receptor – June 2019
- Tuberculosis recovery speeded up by single 450,000 IU dose of vitamin D – RCT Jan 2017
- Receptor-related diseases respond especially well to high-dose Vitamin D
- Pulmonary Tuberculosis 2X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor (Mexico) – April 2018
- TB not prevented by a small amount of Vitamin D (2,000 IU daily average, Mongolia) – RCT July 2020
- Tuberculosis -100 percent cure rate with 10,000 IU of vitamin D daily – RCT 2006
- Latent Tuberculosis 44 percent less likely if Vitamin D more than 30 ng - 14th meta-analysis Jan 2022
- Tuberculosis (multi-drug resistant) was 13.4 X more likely to be quickly cleared with Vitamin D - Meta-analysis Feb 2019
- No tuberculosis if more than 80 ng of vitamin D (cattle) - Jan 2022
see also Overview Tuberculosis and Vitamin D Breathing category
TB has been increasing
Vitamin D Life - Overview Tuberculosis and Vitamin D
Many studies have found that Vitamin D both PREVENTS and TREATS TB
- As with many other diseases, we expect that there will be at least a 4X range of vitamin D due to:
- 4X range in the response in the vitamin D blood level for the same IU dose - for healthy, non-obese, people
- Poor Vitamin D Receptor activation results in far less vitamin D getting to cells
- However, a VDR restriction is not noticed by Vitamin D blood tests
- UV appears to be as powerful or perhaps more powerful than vitamin D in TREATING TB
- Tuberculosis -100 percent cure rate with 10,000 IU of vitamin D daily – RCT 2006
- TB 10X less likely to catch if have sufficient vitamin D – Dec 2011
- Trials using small vitamin D doses neither prevent nor treat TB 2023 2022 2020
- No tuberculosis if more than 80 ng of vitamin D (cattle) - Jan 2022
- Humans need a lot of Vitamin D as well
Vitamin D Life - Loading doses especially fight TB (hint: Vitamin D Receptor )
- Tuberculosis recovery speeded up by single 450,000 IU dose of vitamin D – RCT Jan 2017
- Tuberculosis treatment greatly helped by injection of 200,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT April 2016
- Every TB patient benefited from 2 doses of 600,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT Jan 2013
Vitamin D Life - Vitamin D Receptor and TB
- TB patients had low Vitamin D and poor Vitamin D receptor – June 2019
- TB and Leprosy are easily confused and associated with Vitamin D Receptor
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