Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Improvements in birth outcomes and complications through direct genomic alteration
Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Volume 453, 15 September 2017, Pages 113-130, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.039
Bruce W. Hollis, Carol L. Wagner
- 430 genes changed when 3,800 IU Vitamin D added in late second trimester – RCT May 2018
- Search Vitamin D Life for HOLLIS or WAGNER 613 items as of Aug 2017
- Vitamin D Receptor has the following increases in female health problems (out of 35 increases as of Aug 2017)
| Increased risk with poor VDR | Health Problem |
| 4 | polycystic ovary syndrome |
| 3.3 | Pre-term birth |
| 1.9 | Uterine Fibroids |
All articles in both of the categories Pregnancy and Genetics:
- Spontaneous Miscarriage strongly associated with 2 vitamin D genes – March 2020
- 430 genes changed when 3,800 IU Vitamin D added in late second trimester – RCT May 2018
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus associated with 4 Vitamin D genes – Oct 2015
- Pregnant women need at least 40 ng of Vitamin D (Wagner, genes) – Oct 2017
- Vitamin D genes and pregnancy – 7th study - Sept 2017
- Vitamin D during pregnancy – dramatic changes in both metabolism and genes – Feb 2017
- 5839 genes changed during pregnancy (many genes were related to Vitamin D) – Oct 2016
- Preeclampsia 3.5 times more likely if low vitamin D (affects 348 Vit. D genes) – RCT Nov 2016
- Low vitamin D in pregnancy – epigenetic pancreas problems in offspring (mice) – May 2016
- Low vitamin D in mother rat altered 426 genes in newborn rat – Aug 2013
All articles in both of the categories Pregnancy and Vitamin D Receptor:
- Spontaneous Miscarriage strongly associated with 2 vitamin D genes – March 2020
- Preterm birth associated with many genes, including the Vitamin D Receptor again – Jan 2020
- Preterm birth 8X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – Dec 2019
- Preterm birth 9 X more likely if fetus had a poor Vitamin D Receptor and previous miscarriage – Aug 2017
- Recurrent miscarriage occurs 2.2 more often if poor Vitamin D Receptor – Aug 2019
- Gestational Diabetes 2.4X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor (region in China) – June 2019
- Gestational Diabetes 3 X more likely if poor Vitamin D receptor (Turkey) – May 2019
- Preeclampsia 2X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – April 2019
- Preterm births 12 X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor (white infants in Italy) – meta-analysis Aug 2018
- UV at time of conception associated with Vitamin D Receptor activation 65 years later – Sept 2017
- A good Vitamin D Receptor (or perhaps more vitamin D) protects against lead during pregnancy
- Vitamin D Receptor is associated with preeclampsia, gestational diabetes and preterm birth – Nov 2017
- Gestational Diabetes Mellitus associated with 4 Vitamin D genes – Oct 2015
- Frequent miscarriage associated with both lower vitamin D and poor Vitamin D receptor – Sept 2017
- Vitamin D genes and pregnancy – 7th study - Sept 2017
- Preterm births strongly related to Vitamin D, Vitamin D Receptor, Iodine, Omega-3, etc
- Recurrent miscarriage associated with half as much vitamin D getting to fetus – Sept 2016
- Progesterone activates vitamin D receptor - many studies
Highlights
• Vitamin D metabolism during pregnancy differs drastically from the nonpregnant state.
• Vitamin D requirements during pregnancy and health effects are reviewed.
• Vitamin D plays a significant role in health outcomes of mother and fetus.
• Direct genomic alterations occur related to maternal vitamin D status.
• Childhood asthma and multiple sclerosis linked with pregnancy vitamin D status.
Pregnancy represents a time of rapid change, including dramatic shifts in vitamin D metabolism. Circulating concentrations of the active form of vitamin D—1,25(OH)2D skyrocket early in pregnancy to levels that would be toxic to a nonpregnant adult, signaling a decoupling of vitamin D from the classic endocrine calcium metabolic pathway, likely serving an immunomodulatory function in the mother and her developing fetus. In this review, we summarize the unique aspects of vitamin D metabolism and the data surrounding vitamin D requirements during this important period. Both observational and clinical trials are reviewed in the context of vitamin D's health effects during pregnancy that include preeclampsia, preterm birth, and later disease states such as asthma and multiple sclerosis. With enhanced knowledge about vitamin D's role as a preprohormone, it is clear that recommendations about supplementation must mirror what is clinically relevant and evidence-based. Future research that focuses on the critical period(s) leading up to conception and during pregnancy to correct deficiency or maintain optimal vitamin D status remains to be studied. In addition, what effects vitamin D has on genetic signatures that minimize the risk to the mother and her developing fetus have not been elucidated. Clearly, while there is much more research that needs to be performed, our understanding of vitamin D requirements during pregnancy has advanced significantly during the last few decades.
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