Overview of Important Micronutrients Supplementation in Preterm Infants after Discharge: A Call for Consensus
Life (Basel) . 2021 Apr 10;11(4):331. doi: 10.3390/life11040331.
Laura Ilardi 1, Alice Proto 1, Federica Ceroni 2, Daniela Morniroli 3, Stefano Martinelli 1, Fabio Mosca 2 3, Maria Lorella Giannì 2 3
Not only do preemies need vitamin D as soon as possible
It appears that they also may need more for the rest of their lives
not just for the first year.
Vitamin D Life titles containing preemie OR premature
Items found: 48
| Title | | Modified |
| Male preemies had poor heart rate regulation as adults (preemies have low vitamin D) – Dec 2023 | | 25 Dec, 2023 |
| Female preemies become women with low hand grip strength - Dec 2023 | | 24 Dec, 2023 |
| Preemies with pneumonia infection have especially low vitamin D levels (12 ng) – May 2023 | | 08 Oct, 2023 |
| Preemies should have vitamin D supplements – reaching an agreement – April 2021 | | 01 May, 2021 |
| Preemies 2.5 X more likely to get hip replacement etc. (low vitamin D) – Nov 2014 | | 30 Apr, 2021 |
| Preemie Respiratory Distress Syndrome is 5X more likely if low vitamin D – Dec 2020 | | 18 Dec, 2020 |
| Preemies still have low vitamin D at age 6 – Oct 2019 | | 30 Oct, 2019 |
| Premature ejaculation associated with low vitamin D – 2018, 2019 | | 30 Jul, 2019 |
| No preemie had even 30 ng of vitamin D, lower D associated with more Respiratory Distress – Aug 2013 | | 24 Jul, 2019 |
| Preemie immunity (Treg) vastly improved by 800 IU of Vitamin D daily – RCT July 2019 | | 24 Jul, 2019 |
| Rickets in Sweden recently increased by 6X (mainly preemies) – May 2019 | | 06 May, 2019 |
| Premature births predicted in office by 2024 - Bill Gates (vs. reduce preemies by half now with Vitamin D) - Feb 2019 | | 28 Feb, 2019 |
| Respiratory Distress Syndrome in preemies 5 X more likely if poor vitamin D receptor – Feb 2019 | | 15 Feb, 2019 |
| Premature or low birth weight resulted in children 3X more likely to be anxious – meta-analysis May 2011 | | 25 Jan, 2019 |
| Off Topic: Premature birth results in less schooling and income (age 28, 228,000 Danes) – Dec 2018 | | 15 Dec, 2018 |
| Racial differences in health problems (premature births) disappeared when vitamin D levels were the same – April 2018 | | 18 Apr, 2018 |
| Prematurely aging kids (Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome) might be helped by Vitamin D– March 2018 | | 20 Mar, 2018 |
| 60 percent of preemies have brain damage from lack of brain Oxygen, which is associated with low vitamin D – Feb 2018 | | 22 Feb, 2018 |
| The more caffeine while pregnant (coffee, cola) the more bone pain in premature infants – Jan 2018 | | 24 Jan, 2018 |
| Born too soon – premature births report by W.H.O. – 2010 | | 26 Nov, 2017 |
| Preemies with poor lungs (Respiratory distress syndrome) have low levels of vitamin D – Nov 2017 | | 14 Nov, 2017 |
| Preemies getting 800 IU of vitamin D were 3X less likely to have low bone density 4 weeks later – RCT Oct 2017 | | 22 Oct, 2017 |
| Sleep Problems in Pregnancy Tied to Premature Births (no surprise, both related to low vitamin D) – Aug 2017 | | 08 Aug, 2017 |
| Preemies need 1,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT Sept 2017 | | 03 Aug, 2017 |
| Premature infants (30 weeks) who got 800-1000 IU of vitamin D were much healthier – March 2017 | | 03 Aug, 2017 |
| Premature infants (30 weeks) who got 800-1000 IU of vitamin D were much healthier – RCT March 2017 | | 05 May, 2017 |
| Folic acid reduces both premature births and neural tube defects – March 2017 | | 05 Apr, 2017 |
| Preemies with low Vitamin D are 14 percent more like to have expensive gut problems (necrotizing enterocolitis) – March 2017 | | 24 Mar, 2017 |
| Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy increased prematurity risk by 60 percent - meta-analysis 1999 | | 06 Mar, 2017 |
| Premature birth 2.5X more likely if mother had low vitamin D and was having twins – July 2013 | | 30 Jun, 2016 |
| Premature birth and infant mortality worse if dark skin (low vitamin D) - 2015 | | 07 Jun, 2016 |
| Premature infants need 400 to 800 IU of vitamin D | | 13 Apr, 2016 |
| Preemies have increased need for vitamin D and Calcium (Rickets)– May 2013 | | 15 Mar, 2016 |
| Vitamin D is being used to prevent premature births – Baggerly interview – Dec 2015 | | 18 Dec, 2015 |
| All preemies with Chronic Lung Disease had low vitamin D levels– July 2015 | | 01 Aug, 2015 |
| High risk of premature birth if high BMI (low vitamin D) – June 2013 | | 21 Mar, 2015 |
| High risk of extremely premature birth if high BMI (low vitamin D) – June 2013 | | 21 Mar, 2015 |
| Many preemies need at least 800 IU of vitamin D – RCT May 2013 | | 16 Mar, 2015 |
| Why higher levels of vitamin D reduces premature birth - April 2011 | | 30 Oct, 2014 |
| Preemies have low vitamin D levels yet only get 400 IU – July 2013 | | 15 Aug, 2014 |
| Rickets in half of premature births – 200 IU of vitamin D is enough – RCT May 2014 | | 24 May, 2014 |
| Morbid obesity increases chance of extreme preemie by 3X (low vitamin D not mentioned) – June 2013 | | 21 Sep, 2013 |
| Study found little proof that preemies need more vitamin D – Sept 2013 | | 15 Sep, 2013 |
| Some preemies needed more than 400 IU of vitamin D – July 2013 | | 12 Aug, 2013 |
| Getting pregnant in May increases chance of premature birth by 10 percent – July 2013 | | 10 Jul, 2013 |
| Premature delivery associated with low vitamin D in Japanese women – Mar 2011 | | 30 Jun, 2013 |
| 400 IU not enough to raise preemies vitamin D level to 30 ng – Dissertation 2010 | | 01 Jun, 2013 |
| In Defence of the Sun – reduce 400000 premature deaths – 2009 | | 13 Jul, 2011 |
Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life
Preterm infants have a lower level of nutrient body stores and immature body systems, resulting in a higher risk of malnutrition. Imbalanced complementary feeding could lead to further risk of nutritional deficits and excesses. However, evidence on their nutritional requirements following hospital discharge is limited. When planning complementary feeding, appropriate micronutrient intake should be considered for their critical role in supporting various body functions. This narrative review summarizes the need for iron, zinc, vitamin D, calcium, phosphate and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) supplementation in preterm infants during complementary feeding.
Regarding iron and vitamin D, the scientific community is reaching an agreement on supplementation in some categories of prematures.
On the contrary, there is still not enough evidence to detail possible recommendations for LCPUFAs, zinc, calcium and phosphorus supplementation. However, these micronutrients are paramount for preterms' health: LCPUFAs can promote retinal and brain development while calcium and phosphorus supplementation is essential to prevent preterms' metabolic bone disease (MBD). Waiting for a consensus on these micronutrients, it is clear how the knowledge of the heterogeneity of the prematures population can help adjust the nutritional planning regarding the growth rate, comorbidities and comprehensive clinical history of the preterm infant.