Microplastics now causing problems in most life forms - many studies

Summary of this page by Perplexity AI - March 28, 2024

The article from Vitamin D Life, dated March 28, 2024, discusses the pervasive issue of microplastics and their impact on various life forms, including humans. It highlights several studies that have explored the toxic effects of nanoplastics (NPs) exposure, particularly through the dysregulation of the brain-gut axis. The article emphasizes the lack of research focused on mitigating these effects.
One of the key points in the article is a study that investigated the potential role of vitamin D in counteracting the toxicity caused by nanoplastics. In this study, fish were fed diets with varying levels of vitamin D to determine its impact. The results showed that a diet high in vitamin D could reduce the accumulation of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) in the brains of zebrafish. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe that PS-NPs had accumulated in the zebrafish's brain and intestine, causing damage to the brain's blood-brain barrier basement membrane and vacuolization in intestinal goblet cells and mitochondria. The high concentration of vitamin D in the diet was found to mitigate these effects.
The article also references other studies and reviews that have been conducted on the medical implications of microplastics. These include a chart detailing studies of microplastics in humans from December 2020, a review from March 2024 on microplastics and nanoplastics in atheromas and cardiovascular events, and a note on the potential link between microplastics and autism risk during pregnancy, which could be reduced with the addition of vitamin D. Furthermore, it mentions a study from November 2023 that suggested microplastics might be a cause of Parkinson's disease, with nanoplastics linked to changes in brain proteins associated with the condition

Chart of studies of microplastics in humans - 2020

Details further down this page

Review of many microplastic medical studies - substack March 2024

Robert Malone

• Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Atheromas and Cardiovascular Events- March 2024 (see below)
• Raman Microspectroscopy Detection and Characterisation of Microplastics in Human Breastmilk - June 2022
• Impact of Microplastics and Nanoplastics on Livestock Health: An Emerging Risk for Reproductive Efficiency - March 2023
• Exposure to microplastics and human reproductive outcomes: A systematic review - April 2024
• Isolation and identification of microplastics in infant formulas - A potential health risk for children - May 2024
• A Children's Health Perspective on Nano- and Microplastics - Jan 2022
• 266 studies of microplastic toxicity

Health risk of human exposure to microplastics: a review - March 2024

Environmental Chemistry Letters https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-024-01727-1 References online Can be read in DeepDyve - free trial
Kuok Ho Daniel Tang, Ronghua Li, Zhi Li & Dun Wang

Microplastics are emerging contaminants that have been detected recently in most environmental and biological systems, yet their health risk for humans has not been clearly summarized. Here we review human health risk associated with exposure to microplastics with focus on methods of exposure assessment, hazard identification, dose–response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Hazards include direct hazards, hazards from contaminants released by microplastics, and hazards from microplastic interactions with surrounding contaminants.
Microplastics

• trigger oxidative stress,
• disrupt metabolism,
• interfere with gut microflora and gastrointestinal functions,
• disrupt hepatic, cardiopulmonary and immune systems, and
• degrade reproductive health.

Some additives leached from microplastics such as phthalates are endocrine disruptors and thus impact reproductive health. The interaction of microplastics with other pollutants in the environment induces varied hazards following synergistic or antagonistic effects.

Microplastics appear to impact human organs ($65 paywall) - March 2024

The possible impacts of nano and microplastics on human health: lessons from experimental models across multiple organs
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part B https://doi.org/10.1080/10937404.2024.2330962 35 pages
Bernardo Lannes Monteiro Fontes,Lorena Cristina de Souza e Souza,Ana Paula Santos da Silva de Oliveira,Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca,Marinaldo Pacifico Cavalcanti Neto & Cintia Rodrigues Pinheiro

The widespread production and use of plastics have resulted in accumulation of plastic debris in the environment, gradually breaking down into smaller particles over time. Nano-plastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs), defined as particles smaller than 100 nanometers and 5 millimeters, respectively, raise concerns due to their ability to enter the human body through various pathways including ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. Various investigators demonstrated that these particles may produce

• physical and chemical damage to human cells, tissues, and organs,
• disrupting cellular processes,
• triggering inflammation and oxidative stress, and
• impacting hormone and neurotransmitter balance.

In addition, micro- and nano-plastics (MNPLs) may carry toxic chemicals and pathogens, exacerbating adverse effects on human health. The magnitude and nature of these effects are not yet fully understood, requiring further research for a comprehensive risk assessment. Nevertheless, evidence available suggests that accumulation of these particles in the environment and potential human uptake are causes for concern. Urgent measures to reduce plastic pollution and limit human exposure to MNPLs are necessary to safeguard human health and the environment. In this review, current knowledge regarding the influence of MNPLs on human health is summarized, including toxicity mechanisms, exposure pathways, and health outcomes across multiple organs. The critical need for additional research is also emphasized to comprehensively assess potential risks posed by degradation of MNPLs on human health and inform strategies for addressing this emerging environmental health challenge. Finally, new research directions are proposed including evaluation of gene regulation associated with MNPLs exposure.

Microplastics Linked to Heart Attack, Stroke and Death - Scientific American March 2024

Use incognito web page to access it without a subscription

Plaques were removed: those having microplastics had a 4.5 X increased risk of stroke, heart attack, etc. - March 2024

Plastic Found Inside More Than 50% of Plaques From Clogged Arteries - Science Alert   the following is the text without hyperlinks

Now, a small study in Italy has found shards of microplastics in fatty deposits surgically removed from patients who had an operation to open up their clogged arteries – and reported their health outcomes nearly 3 years later.

Removing fatty plaques from narrowed arteries in a procedure called a carotid endarterectomy reduces the risk of future strokes.

The team behind this new study, led by Raffaele Marfella, a medical researcher at the University of Campania in Naples, wondered how the risk of stroke – as well as heart attacks and death – compared between patients who had microplastics in their plaques and those who did not.

Following 257 patients for 34 months, the researchers found nearly 60 percent of them had measurable amounts of polyethylene in plaques pulled from their fat-thickened arteries, and 12 percent also had polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in extracted fat deposits.

PVC comes in both rigid and flexible forms, and is used to make water pipes, plastic bottles, flooring, and packaging. Polyethylene is the most commonly produced plastic, used for plastic bags, films, and bottles, too.

In the study, patients with microplastics in their excised plaques were 4.5 times as likely to have experienced a stroke, non-fatal heart attack or died from any cause after 34 months than people who had no detectable microplastics in the plaques that surgeons had removed.

The amount of microplastics, and even smaller particles called nanoplastics, was measured using a technique called pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and their presence confirmed using another method, stable isotopes analysis, which can distinguish between the carbon of human tissues and that of plastics made from petrochemicals.

Microplastics were also visible under powerful microscopes: The researchers observed plastic fragments with jagged edges inside immune cells called macrophages, and within the fatty plaques. Examining the tissue samples, the team also found higher levels of inflammatory markers in patients with microplastics in their plaques.

Based on New England Journal of Medicine study published March 7, 2023
Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Atheromas and Cardiovascular Events
https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2309822 PDF is behind paywall

Study was described in a 8 minute video March 2024 - 2 charts from PDF

Dr Brad Stanfield

Half as much Collagen (needed for mechanical stability) in plaques with microplastics

Effects of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Agro-ecosystems and Human Health: A review - Jan 2024

Vingnanam Journal of Science Volume: 18 Issue: 2 Page/Article: 39-52 DOI: 10.4038/vingnanam.v18i2.4229
Rathiverni Rajaratnam. Nadeeka U JayawardanaEmail Nadeeka U Jayawardana Sri Lanka

Life on land and ocean is being threatened by microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs). Despite, the fate and effects of MPs and NPs in agro-ecosystems have not been clearly understood. However, recent studies showed that these polymers can be transported and accumulated in food crops, humans, and other organisms. The introduction of plastics into terrestrial land has led to the accumulation of MPs and NPs in food crops. The bioaccumulation has been found in stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Thus, causes a change in physicochemical activities in plants that leads to a decline in crop production. Further, MPs accumulation in human placenta and breast milk have been evidently proven in recent studies. MPs themselves are being potential vectors of pollutants, including anti-resistance genes, harmful microbes, heavy metals, and carcinogenic compounds. Alarmingly, these pollutants can be horizontally transferred to organisms along with the MPs and remain intact throughout the food chain. Poor solid waste management, inadequacy in plastic recycling, and application of MPs contaminated compost in agricultural practices are the major entry points of MPs into the agro-ecosystem. The collection of these results in this study will help both on-going and upcoming investigations on bioaccumulation of MPs and NPs in crops and their movement through the food chain.
 Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life

Detection of Various Microplastics in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery - July 2023

"Microplastic specimens were collected from 15 cardiac surgery patients, including 6 pericardia, 6 epicardial adipose tissues, 11 pericardial adipose tissues, 3 myocardia, 5 left atrial appendages, and 7 pairs of pre- and postoperative venous blood samples. "
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c07179 PDF behind paywall

Microplastics and human health: Integrating pharmacokinetics - April 2023

https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2023.2195798 FREE PDF

Microplastics as an Emerging Threat to the Global Environment and Human Health - July 2023

• "Exposure to microplastics can also pose potential health risks to humans, including respiratory and digestive problems, as well as disrupt sleep, contribute to obesity, and increase the risk of diabetes."

 PDF

Microplastics and human health: Integrating pharmacokinetics - April 2023

https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2023.2195798 FREE PDF

The Plastic Within: Microplastics Invading Human Organs and Bodily Fluids Systems - Nov 2023

Environments 2023, 10(11), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments10110194
by Christian Ebere Enyoh 1,*ORCID,Arti Devi 1,Hirofumi Kadono 1,Qingyue Wang 1ORCID andMominul Haque Rabin 1,2ORCID

• 1 Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City 338-8570, Japan
• 2 Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh

Microplastics (MPs), small plastic particles resulting from the degradation of larger plastic items and from primary sources such as textiles, engineered plastic pellets, etc., have become a ubiquitous environmental pollutant. As their prevalence in the natural environment grows, concerns about their potential impacts on human health have escalated.
This review discusses current research findings on the presence of MPs in organs such as the

• liver,
• blood,
• heart,
• placenta,
• breast milk,
• sputum,
• semen,
• testis, and
• urine,

while also exploring plausible mechanisms of translocation. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the importance of understanding the potential toxicological effects of MPs on various physiological processes within these organs and their broader implications for human health. This review also examines the pathways through which MPs can enter and accumulate in human organs and bodily fluids, shedding light on the intricate routes of exposure and potential health implications. It is worth noting that the invasive medical procedures may permit direct access of MPs to the bloodstream and tissues, serving as a potential contamination source. However, it is evident that a comprehensive understanding of MPs’ invasion into human organs is vital for effective mitigation strategies and the preservation of both human health and the environment.
No such attachment on this page

Microplastics contamination in food products: Occurrence, analytical techniques and potential impacts on human health - Feb 2024

Current Research in Biotechnology Feb 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbiot.2024.100190
Suman Giri a, Gopal Lamichhane b c, Dipendra Khadka d e, Hari Prasad Devkota f g

Chemically, microplastics (MPs) are synthetic materials composed of plastic monomers and additives and vary in size from 0.1 to 5000 μm. Due to their chemical stability and the widespread use of plastics for various purposes, MP contamination of the environment has increased dramatically, leading to the contamination of daily consumer products as well. Although previous studies have reported the environmental impacts of MPs, only a few studies have highlighted the occurrence of MPs in food products and their possible effects on human health. Recent investigations have identified MP particles in drinking water and other beverages, seafood, plant products, salt, sugar, and honey, raising an alarm over the safety and quality of these food items. Ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact of such food and other consumer goods are the common routes through which MPs may enter the human body and can have several deleterious health impacts including oxidative stress, inflammation, immunotoxicity, increased risk of neoplasia, cellular metabolism impairment, neurotoxicity, gut microbiome dysbiosis, disruption of reproductive system among others. A collective approach employing source control, recycling, biodegradable plastics, strengthening legislation, and bioremediation could be a promising and sustainable solution to control the MP pollution. The key challenge appears to standarize detection methods along with reducing the MP contamination from the food products as well as from the environment. Therefore, this review focuses on the occurrence of MPs in several food products, current methods of analysis, potential health impacts, and strategies to mitigate the widespread MP pollution. It also adds novel findings, knowledge gaps, and recommendations that can guide future research in this field.
 Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life

The potential impacts of micro-and-nano plastics on various organ systems in humans - Lancet Jan 2024

eBioMedicine 2024;99: 104901 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104901
Nurshad Ali, Jenny Katsouli, Emma L. Marczylo, Timothy W. Gant, Stephanie Wright

Humans are exposed to micro-and-nano plastics (MNPs) through various routes, but the adverse health effects of MNPs on different organ systems are not yet fully understood. This review aims to provide an overview of the potential impacts of MNPs on various organ systems and identify knowledge gaps in current research.
The summarized results suggest that exposure to MNPs can lead to health effects through oxidative stress, inflammation, immune dysfunction, altered biochemical and energy metabolism, impaired cell proliferation, disrupted microbial metabolic pathways, abnormal organ development, and carcinogenicity.
There is limited human data on the health effects of MNPs, despite evidence from animal and cellular studies.
Most of the published research has focused on specific types of MNPs to assess their toxicity, while other types of plastic particles commonly found in the environment remain unstudied.
Future studies should investigate MNPs exposure by considering realistic concentrations, dose-dependent effects, individual susceptibility, and confounding factors.
 Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life

Vitamin D Life - Autism risk if toxins, heavy metals, microplastics, etc during pregnancy (unless add Vitamin D) – Feb 2024

Microplastics might be a cause of Parkinson's - Nov 2023

Nanoplastics Linked to Changes in Brain Proteins Associated With Parkinson's, Study Finds Science Alert

Reporting on
Anionic nanoplastic contaminants promote Parkinson’s disease–associated α-synuclein aggregation Science Advances, FREE PDF

Microplastics causing problems in Zebra fish - reduced by 40% if Vitamin D was added - Nov 2023

Vitamin D modulation of brain-gut-virome disorder caused by polystyrene nanoplastics exposure in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Microbiome . 2023 Nov 27;11(1):266. doi: 10.1186/s40168-023-01680-1.
Miaomiao Teng # 1, Yunxia Li # 1, Xiaoli Zhao 2, Jason C White 3, Lihui Zhao 1, Jiaqi Sun 4, Wentao Zhu 5, Fengchang Wu 6

Background: Many studies have investigated how nanoplastics (NPs) exposure mediates nerve and intestinal toxicity through a dysregulated brain-gut axis interaction, but there are few studies aimed at alleviating those effects. To determine whether and how vitamin D can impact that toxicity, fish were supplemented with a vitamin D-low diet and vitamin D-high diet.

Results: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) accumulated in zebrafish brain and intestine, resulting in brain blood-brain barrier basement membrane damage and the vacuolization of intestinal goblet cells and mitochondria. A high concentration of vitamin D reduced the accumulation of PS-NPs in zebrafish brain tissues by 20% and intestinal tissues by 58.8% and 52.2%, respectively, and alleviated the pathological damage induced by PS-NPs. Adequate vitamin D significantly increased the content of serotonin (5-HT) and reduced the anxiety-like behavior of zebrafish caused by PS-NPs exposure. Virus metagenome showed that PS-NPs exposure affected the composition and abundance of zebrafish intestinal viruses. Differentially expressed viruses in the vitamin D-low and vitamin D-high group affected the secretion of brain neurotransmitters in zebrafish. Virus AF191073 was negatively correlated with neurotransmitter 5-HT, whereas KT319643 was positively correlated with malondialdehyde (MDA) content and the expression of cytochrome 1a1 (cyp1a1) and cytochrome 1b1 (cyp1b1) in the intestine. This suggests that AF191073 and KT319643 may be key viruses that mediate the vitamin D reduction in neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity induced by PS-NPs.

Conclusion: Vitamin D can alleviate neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity induced by PS-NPs exposure by directionally altering the gut virome. These findings highlight the potential of vitamin D to alleviate the brain-gut-virome disorder caused by PS-NPs exposure and suggest potential therapeutic strategies to reduce the risk of NPs toxicity in aquaculture, that is, adding adequate vitamin D to diet. Video Abstract.
 Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life

People are now INHALING a credit card's worth of plastics each week - Sept 2023

You breathe in a credit card’s worth of microplastic every week

• "We breathe in about 16 bits of microplastic every hour,"
• "Experts are starting to correlate microplastics with lung inflammation, shortness of breath and a higher risk of lung cancer. Research on rats suggests that when microplastics infiltrate lung cells, they can start to jumble up cell composition. This suggests that exposure to microplastics can cause lung injury in humans, too. "

Study: people could be EATING a credit card's worth of microplastics per week- 2019

BoingBoing

Microplastics may increase snow melt, and thus increase climate warming

Microplastics’ contribution to melting snow: A global crisis - Canadian Geographic April 2021

8 Types of Plastic Discovered in People Who Had Heart Surgery - Sept 2023

The Defender

• "It’s believed that most plastic particles enter the human bloodstream after being ingested or inhaled via food, water, air and other sources."

 Download the Report from Vitamin D Life

Microplastics in fruit and vegitables

• Micro- and nano-plastics in edible fruit and vegetables.
  The first diet risks assessment for the general population - Aug 2020 - (may not have been able to detect nanoplastics)  PDF
  • 
• Occurrence of Microplastics in Most Consumed Fruits and Vegetables from Turkey and Public Risk Assessment for Consumers Aug 2023 - (may not have been able to detect nanoplastics)  PDF
  • 

100K-400K NANOplastic particles in a liter of bottled water - Jan 2024

AP News

Microplastics perturb macrophages in the lab - May 2023

The internal dose makes the poison: higher internalization of polystyrene particles induce increased perturbation of macrophages
Front Immunol. 2023; 14: May doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1092743

From abstract

• " Using polystyrene as a model of micro and nanoplastics, with size ranging from under 100 nm to 6 microns, we have showed that although non-toxic, polystyrene nano and microbeads alter the normal functioning of macrophages in a size and dose-dependent manner. Alterations in the oxidative stress, lysosomal and mitochondrial functions were detected"

 Download the Report from Vitamin D Life

94% of US water contains microplastics

500 tons of RF chaff into the US annually, vs 878 tons of microplastics into the ocean from all washing machines US and Canada - Feb 2024

• The Military Routinely Disperses Aluminum-Coated Fiberglass Into the Air Mercola Feb 2024
  • ranging in lengths from 0.8 to 0.75 cm, so not microplastics at the time of release
• __https://ocean.org/blog/canadian-and-us-laundry-releases-trillions-of-plastic-microfibers-into-the-ocean/Laundry Releases Trillions of Plastic Microfibers Into the Ocean 2019

Web- seabirds, humans, baby formula, breast cancer

• Microplastics are messing with the microbiomes of seabirds - MIT Review March 2023
• Microplastics as an emerging source of particulate air pollution: A critical review - Sept 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126245 lots of text available for free, $$ for entire PDF7
• Micro to nano plastics and its link to human health Oct 2022 doi: 10.14744/ijmb.2022.64326 FREE PDF
• Baby Poop Is Loaded With Microplastics Wired Sept 2021
  • "An alarming new study finds that infant feces contain 10 times more polyethylene terephthalate (aka polyester) than an adult’s."
  • "Different varieties of plastic can contain any of at least 10,000 different chemicals, a quarter of which are of concern for people,.."
  • "Of particular concern are a class of chemicals called endocrine-disrupting chemicals, or EDCs, which disrupt hormones and have been connected to reproductive, neurological, and metabolic problems, for instance, increased obesity. The infamous plastic ingredient bisphenol A, or BPA, is one such EDC that has been linked to various cancers. "
• Researchers 'Gobsmacked' by Number of Microplastic Particles in Baby Bottles Treehugger Oct 2020
  • High temperature water releases >1,000,000 microplastics into each bottle of formula
  • 55 million per liter of water at 203 degrees F
• How Plastics Can Affect Your Love Life Dr. Greger Dec 2018
• "Women working in automotive plastics and food canning are at five times the odds of breast cancer" **Free PDF online
• ocean water was thought to have 10 microplastics per cubic meter is found to have 8,300,000 per cubic meter Dec 2019
  • They finally got around to looking for the very very small particles
  • Every single one of the micro planktons (saps) contained microplastics
  • Microplastics are associated with brain damage and liver tumors in fish
  • Future research will determine microplastic effects further up the food chain - such as humans
• *Bans on Plastic Microbead - March 2020

Rainfall in the Rocky Mountains contains microplastics - 2019

It's raining plastic in the Rockies Mother Nature Network

• "A study from scientists at the U.S. Geological Survey has found that 90 percent of rainwater samples from eight different locations along the Rockies contained plastics."

Microplastics in Mosquitoes - Sept 2018

Microplastics are getting into mosquitoes and contaminating new food chains
In the lab they fed larva microplastics. "Plastics were retained as the mosquitoes went through different life stages"
Mosquitoes are eaten by birds and fish

Zero Water countertop filter eliminates microplastic (nanoplastic too?)

Zerowater.com
many different sizes, all models include a small meter to test the amount of dissolved solids
Removes https://waterpurificationguide.com/water-filters-that-remove-microplastics/ 99.9% of microplastics ( unclear what sizes, see chart below) and 100% of Glyphosate, Fluoride, etc.
Amazon $29, 3,000 reviews - also WalMart, Home Depot, etc.
Great 2019 review compared many filters - taste, quality, ergonomics, etc found Zero to be best
Does remove beneficial Magnesium ions from the water (10 mg/liter)
   I take daily Magnesium supplements (400 mg/day), so I do not feel the need to remineralize the water
It is not practical in areas with hard water (there is a US harness map at their website)
   the filter stops at 18 grams of dissolved solids - will not last a month if there is hard water
Uses some of the chemicals and filters used in RO systems
You can recycle 2 filters for $10 - but you pay the postage

Chart of the size of nano and microplastics removed by type of water filter - Jan 2024?

From: Water Filters That Remove Microplastics 10 types reviewed

Visualizing the amount of microplastic we eat - Dec 2019

Reuters

5+ Vitamin D Life pages with BPA in title

This list is automatically updated

Your clothes can shed 700,000 microplastic fibers in a single wash - Feb 2023

Fast Company

A Detailed Review Study on Potential Effects of Microplastics and Additives of Concern on Human Health - Feb 2020

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(4), 1212; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041212
by Claudia Campanale *ORCID,Carmine MassarelliORCID,Ilaria Savino,Vito Locaputo andVito Felice Uricchio
Water Research Institute-Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Bari, BA, Italy

The distribution and abundance of microplastics into the world are so extensive that many scientists use them as key indicators of the recent and contemporary period defining a new historical epoch: The Plasticene. However, the implications of microplastics are not yet thoroughly understood. There is considerable complexity involved to understand their impact due to different physical–chemical properties that make microplastics multifaceted stressors. If, on the one hand, microplastics carry toxic chemicals in the ecosystems, thus serving as vectors of transport, they are themselves, on the other hand, a cocktail of hazardous chemicals that are added voluntarily during their production as additives to increase polymer properties and prolong their life. To date, there is a considerable lack of knowledge on the major additives of concern that are used in the plastic industry, on their fate once microplastics dispose into the environment, and on their consequent effects on human health when associated with micro and nanoplastics. The present study emphasizes the most toxic and dangerous chemical substances that are contained in all plastic products to describe the effects and implications of these hazardous chemicals on human health, providing a detailed overview of studies that have investigated their abundance on microplastics. In the present work, we conducted a capillary review of the literature on micro and nanoplastic exposure pathways and their potential risk to human health to summarize current knowledge with the intention of better focus future research in this area and fill knowledge gaps.
 Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life

Microplastics Pollution as an Invisible Potential Threat to Food Safety and Security, Policy Challenges and the Way Forward - Dec 2020

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(24), 9591; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249591
by Sunusi Usman 1ORCID,Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis 1,2,*ORCID,Khozirah Shaari 1,3,Mohammad Noor Azmai Amal 4,5ORCID,Mohd Zamri Saad 5,6ORCID,Nurulfiza Mat Isa 7,8,Muhammad Farhan Nazarudin 5ORCID,Syaizwan Zahmir Zulkifli 4ORCID,Jumria Sutra 4 andMusa Adamu Ibrahim 4

Technological advances, coupled with increasing demands by consumers, have led to a drastic increase in plastic production. After serving their purposes, these plastics reach our water bodies as their destination and become ingested by aquatic organisms. This ubiquitous phenomenon has exposed humans to microplastics mostly through the consumption of sea food. This has led the World Health Organization (WHO) to make an urgent call for the assessment of environmental pollution due to microplastics and its effect on human health. This review summarizes studies between 1999 and 2020 in relation to microplastics in aquatic ecosystems and human food products, their potential toxic effects as elicited in animal studies, and policies on their use and disposal. There is a paucity of information on the toxicity mechanisms of microplastics in animal studies, and despite their documented presence in food products, no policy has been in place so far, to monitor and regulates microplastics in commercial foods meant for human consumption. Although there are policies and regulations with respect to plastics, these are only in a few countries and in most instances are not fully implemented due to socioeconomic reasons, so they do not address the problem across the entire life cycle of plastics from production to disposal. More animal research to elucidate pathways and early biomarkers of microplastic toxicity that can easily be detected in humans is needed. This is to create awareness and influence policies that will address this neglected threat to food safety and security.
 Download the PDF from Vitamin D Life

Vitamin D Life – Interactions with Vitamin D contains

Various drugs decrease Vitamin D
Drug interactions with Vitamin D - many studies - Feb 2024
Antidepressants reduce cellular Vitamin D, increasing fractures, CVD, etc. - Oct 2022
Medications that appear to lower Vitamin D – Aug 2021
24 drugs that typically reduce Vitamin D levels – Review Aug 2021
Proton pump inhibitors decrease Vitamin D and Magnesium – Dec 2018
Statins and Vitamin D - many studies
Glyphosate decreases Vitamin D getting to cells in many ways
Antibiotics and Vitamin D are associated with many of the same diseases
More colas lower vitamin D by 3 ng– July 2014
A few Drugs increase Vitamin D
Contraceptives,   Probiotics
Vitamin D can decrease/increase impact of drugs
be careful of Chemotheraphy and Vitamin D
Vitamin D generally improves the efficacy of drugs while reducing their adverse effects – Jan 2020
Some Drugs decrease Vitiamin D co-factors or limit vitamin D getting to cells
Drugs which create deficiencies in Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Magnesium, Zinc, Iron, etc. – Sept 2017
Drugs Deplete Magnesium
Interaction of drugs with Vitamin D cofactors
Non-drugs also decrease vitamin D levels in blood and cells
Plastics, BPA, PCB and Vitamin D deficiency
Air pollution, toxins, heavy metals and smoking each result in lower Vitamin D levels – Nov 2018
Air Pollution reduces Vitamin D
Pesticides increase risk of Cancers, Alz, ALS, Asthma, ADHD, etc. (all related to low vitamin D) – Oct 2016
Smoking   Coffee
Cooked dried beans or peas