Vitamin D, obesity, and obesity-related chronic disease among ethnic minorities: A systematic review
Nutrition, Volume 27, Issue 9, September 2011, Pages 868-879
doi:10.1016/j.nut.2010.12.014 | How to Cite or Link Using DOI
Andre M.N. Renzaho Ph.D.a andre.renzaho at deakin.edu.au
Jennifer A. Halliday B.H.Sci. (Hons)a, Caryl Nowson Ph.D.b
a WHO Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
b Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
Received 6 August 2010; Accepted 15 December 2010. Available online 25 June 2011.
Objective: To assess the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) status and obesity, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in ethnic minorities.
Methods: Databases searched were CINHAL with full text, Global Health, MEDLINE with full text, and PsycINFO from 1980 through 2010 (February). Studies were included if they 1) targeted immigrants from low- to high-income countries or ethnic minorities, 2) focused primarily on 25(OH)D and its relation to obesity, T2DM, and/or CVDs, and 3) were published in peer-reviewed journals. The influences of key confounders such as age, gender, and ethnicity on any observed relations were also assessed. Due to the heterogeneity of study characteristics, only a narrative synthesis was undertaken.
Results: Ethnic minorities had significantly higher rates of vitamin D insufficiency (25[OH]D <50 nmol/L; children 43.6–48.7% versus 10%; adults 30.3–53% versus 13.7–26%) than their white counterparts. None of the studies reported a prevalence of obesity stratified by ethnicity.
There was evidence supporting links between vitamin D deficiency and obesity-related chronic diseases, with
- 14 of 14 studies reporting a statistically significant result with a measurement of obesity,
- four of five for T2DM,
- four of five for CVDs, and
- one of one for the metabolic syndrome.
However, the strength of the association varied across ethnic groups depending on the index used to measure adiposity, T2DM, and CVDs. Because most of the included studies were cross-sectional and there were variations in outcome measurements, it was not possible to determine the relative contributions of obesity or vitamin D insufficiency to CVD risk and risk of T2DM or which is the initial driver It is possible both have a role to play.
Conclusion: Further research specific to migrant populations using randomized controlled trials are required to establish whether causal links between 25(OH)D and obesity-related chronic disease exist, and whether vitamin D supplementation could be valuable in the prevention or treatment of obesity-related diseases.
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Vitamin D < 20 ng
Ethnic children 45%, White children 10%
Ethnic adults 45%, White adults 17%
See also Vitamin D Life
- Overview Dark skin and vitamin D
- Overview Cardiovascular and vitamin D
- Overview Diabetes and vitamin D
- Overview Metabolic Syndrome and vitamin D
- All items in category Obesity 103 items as of Nov 2011
- Obesity and diabetes reduced when move to better neighboorhood – or better UV – Oct 2011
- All items in Skin color and Vitamin D 172 items Nov 2011
- Dark Skinned youths and vitamin D in Southern Canada - Dissertation 2011
- Vitamin D insufficiency in UK youths – 37X more likely if dark skin – July 2011
- Dark skinned teens use media much more - June 2011 13 hours vs 8.3 hours daily
- Black members of Adventist church defy health disparities – June 2011
- Black lived 5 years longer in Adventist church - a portion of the reason is due to being outdoors more
- While vegetarians (Adventist) live longer, the blacks live got more of a longevity boost than the whites (blacks are more vitamin D deficient)
- Do blacks have a 5 year life penalty due to low vitamin D they appear to
- Graphs of diseases vs vitamin D levels - and D3 vs D2- April 2011 has the following graphs