Low vitamin D during pregnancy increases risk of future health problems (obesity etc.)

Vitamin D Deficiency During Development Permanently Alters Liver Cell Composition and Function

Front. Endocrinol., 12 May 2022 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.860286

Kassidy Lundy1, John F. Greally2, Grace Essilfie-Bondzie1, Josephine B. Olivier1, Reanna Doña-Termine1, John M. Greally1 and Masako Suzuki1*

1 Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States

2 Retired, Galway, Ireland

Vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin, plays a critical role in calcium homeostasis, the immune system, and normal development. Many epidemiological cohort studies globally have found high prevalence rates of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency, recognized as an important health issue that needs to be solved. In particular, reproductive age and pregnant women low in vitamin D status may confer risks of diseases like obesity on their offspring. While observational studies have suggested associations between prenatal vitamin D deficiency and metabolic phenotypes in offspring, not yet determined is whether prenatal vitamin D deficiency permanently alters the development of the liver, a major metabolic organ. We tested the histopathology and the transcriptomic profiles of livers from male C57BL/6J mice exposed to prenatal vitamin D deficiency through a maternal dietary intervention model. We found that prenatal vitamin D deficiency increases the prevalence of histopathological changes in the liver, and alters its gene expression profile. Cell subtype proportion analysis showed that the liver of prenatal vitamin D deficiency alters non-parenchymal cells of the liver, specifically macrophages, a subset of endothelial cells, and dendritic cells.

Our results indicate the long-term memory of prenatal vitamin D deficiency exposure in the adult liver, a potential contributor to offspring health risks.

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Future health problems if low D while pregnant

Obesity

• Low vitamin D in womb linked to more weight at age 6 – May 2012

• Infant risk of obesity increased by 50 percent if low vitamin D during pregnancy – Sept 2015

• Overweight children associated with low vitamin D during pregnancy – 2015, 2018

• Child 49 percent higher risk of being overweight if preeclampsia during pregnancy – Sept 2017

  Child

• Childhood Asthma risk greatly reduced if mothers were given 4,400 IU Vitamin D daily – RCT 2019

• ADHD 3.7 X higher risk if depressed pregnancy (low vitamin D) – Dec 2020

• Childhood allergies (Atopy) 4.8 X more likely if low vitamin D in early pregnancy – Aug 2019

• Little sun in first trimester, 2.9 X more likely to have learning disabilities – June 2019

• Low Vitamin D decreases fertility and increases subsequent autism, ADHD, etc – Feb 2018

  Adult

• Autoimmune disorders associated with low vitamin D during pregnancy – Nov 2019

• More UV during first trimester, less Osteoporosis in offspring – June 2019

• Multiple Sclerosis much more likely if low vitamin D during pregnancy –many studies

• Vitamin D food fortification during pregnancy reduced gestational diabetes in daughters by 13 percent – Nov 2018

• Schizophrenia increased 40 percent for Spring births after Danes stopped vitamin D fortification – April 2014

  Season of birth

• Diseases correlated to month of birth – 2008

• Association between season of birth and suicide – perhaps vitamin D – Sept 2012

Vitamin D is needed during pregnancy - Meta-analyses

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