Vitamin D and Immunity in Infants and Children
Nutrients 2020, 12, 1233; doi:10.3390/nu12051233
Geneviève Mailhot and John H. White
Vitamin D signaling in innate immunity
Highlights added by Vitamin D Life
Vitamin D Life
Vitamin D Genes
Vitamin D Receptor is associated in over 58 autoimmune studies
The risk of 44 diseases at least double with poor Vitamin D Receptor as of Oct 2019
Vitamin D Receptor activation can be increased by any of: Resveratrol, Omega-3, Magnesium, Zinc, Quercetin, non-daily Vit D, Curcumin, intense exercise, Ginger, Essential oils, etc Note: The founder of Vitamin D Life uses 10 of the 12 known VDR activators
CYP27B1 category listing contains the following
The CYP27B1 gene activates Vitamin D in the Kidney, Skin, Lungs, Brain, Eyes Breasts etc.
Poor CYP27B1 is assocated with COVID, Miscarriage, Lupus, Alz, Parkinson, MSA, Rickets
CYtochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 = 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 1-alpha-hydroxylase
60 items in CYP27B1 category 332 articles in the Genetics 512 articles in Vitamin D Receptor 176 articles in Vitamin D Binding Protein - CYP27B1 and other genes are less activated in seniors
- CYP27B causes many health problems – March 2020
- Every Parkinson’s brain had a poor CYP27B1 gene
What can be done if have a poor CYP27B1
- Larger doses of Vitamin D
- More Bio-available: Gut-friendly form, Topical form, taken with fatty meal, taken with evening meal
- Additional sources: UV
- Increase Vitamin D metabolism: additional Magnesium, Omega-3
- All cytochrome P450 enzymes require Mg++ as a cofactor
- Increase the amount of Vitamin D in the blood that gets to cells: increase activation of VDR
Vitamin D blood test misses CYP27B1 and other genes
Items in both categories Infant-Child and VDR are listed here:
- Asthma by age 7 if wheezing before preschools and poor vitamin D Receptor - May 2023
- COVID kids were more likely to have a poor VDR (4.3 X), than low Vitamin D (2.6 X) – Sept 2022
- Autism may be synergistically treated by Vitamin D and probiotics – July 2022
- Poor prognosis of solid childhood cancers 14.7 X more likely with a poor Vitamin D Receptor – July 2022
- Poor hip joint in infants associated with poor Vitamin D receptor – Jan 2021
- Type 1 Diabetes (Autoimmune) and Vitamin D, Vitamin D Receptor and Cathelicidin - Dec 2020
- Autism 2X to 3X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – June 2020
- Infant and child immunity depends on Vitamin D and two Vitamin D genes – Review April 2020
- Asthmatic children 5X more likely to have a poor Vitamin D Receptor – June 2019
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome in preemies 5 X more likely if poor vitamin D receptor – Feb 2019
- Severe hand, foot, and mouth virus is 2.9 X more likely if poor Vitamin D receptor – Oct 2018
- Juvenile idiopathic arthritis 2.2 X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – Aug 2018
- Pneumonia in Egyptian Children 3.6 X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – Aug 2018
- Sudden kidney infection in children was 9X more likely if poor Vitamin D receptor – July 2018
- Sepsis in infants 4.8 X more likely if poor vitamin D receptor – March 2018
- Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis 8 X more likely if poor Vitamin D receptor – Dec 2017
- Type 1 Diabetes 14 percent more likely with 2 Vitamin D Receptor mutations – Oct 2017
- Lupus in children 2.6 X more likely if they had poor Vitamin D Receptor – Jan 2017
- Early tooth decay 1.9 X more likely if a poor Vitamin D receptor – July 2017
- Type 1 diabetes 1.6 times more likely if a Vitamin D Receptor problem – Feb 2017
- Childhood asthma about 1.3 times more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – meta-analysis Aug 2016
Items in both categories Infant-Child and Immunity are listed here:
- Infections in children reduced a bit by 2,000 IU of vitamin D - meta-analysis July 2023
- Malaria death 3X less likely in mice given vitamin D (looks good for humans too) – meta-analysis June 2023
- 2.4 X fewer lower respiratory track infections in infants getting 400 IU of Vitamin D – May 2022
- Infant and child immunity depends on Vitamin D and two Vitamin D genes – Review April 2020
- Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Infants reduced 5.9 X by daily 600 IU of vitamin D (China) - March 2020
- I have a PhD in immunology and this is how I keep my daughter from getting sick during the winter
- Preemie immunity (Treg) vastly improved by 800 IU of Vitamin D daily – RCT July 2019
- Treatment of neonate sepsis greatly aided by Vitamin D – RCT June 2019
- Infection in first six months of life: White 69 percent, Black, 78 percent – Jan 2018
- Vitamin D does not help children (if only use 400 IU of D3 or D2 or quarterly) – Cochrane Nov 2016
- Vitamin D improves a child’s immune system – can now be claimed in Europe – Sept 2016
- Rotavirus diarrhea (nearly every child gets it) is strongly associated with low vitamin D – Aug 2015
- Immune System response of infants is associated with higher levels of vitamin D – RCT Nov 2014
- Infant sepsis strongly associated with low vitamin D – Aug 2014
- Middle ear infection (Otitis Media) and Vitamin D – many studies
- Tonsillectomy, tonsollitis and Vitamin D - many studies
- Many infant infections avoided with supplementation with 400 IU of vitamin D – Oct 2012
- TB vaccinations increased vitamin D levels a year later – Jan 2012
Items in both categories Infant-Child and Diabetes are listed here:
- FDA drug to TREAT child Type 2 diabetes (based on 1 trial of only 50) – June 2023
- Vitamin D2 not help – again ( T1 diabetes– which has been helped by D3) – Jan 2022
- Somewhat less Type 1 Diabetes in Wales recently – perhaps more sun or more vitamin D – March 2021
- Type 1 Diabetes (Autoimmune) and Vitamin D, Vitamin D Receptor and Cathelicidin - Dec 2020
- T1 Diabetes 3X lower risk if high vitamin D (over 40 ng) – Meta-analysis Nov 2020
- Poor CYP2R1 gene results in lower vitamin D and 2X increase in T1 Diabetes – Sept 2019
- Milk Consumption Is strongly linked to Type 1 Diabetes – Dr. Greger Nov 2019
- T1 Diabetes treated by Vitamin D and Omega-3 (many other studies agree) Jan 2018
- Children in India – 1 in 7 extremely low Vitamin D, 1 in 10 prediabetic – Sept 2019
- Type 1 diabetes trial having problems getting participants – too many taking Vitamin D or Omega-3 – Aug 2019
- Type 1 Diabetes is prevented and treated by Vitamin D – review of 16 studies – Sept 2019
- T1 Diabetes reduction by high Omega-3 and Vitamin D – GRH ongoing observation
- Type 1 Diabetes prevention with Vitamin D and Omega-3 – Symposium April 2019
- Type 1 Diabetes risk increased if high postpartum Vitamin D binding protein – Jan 2019
- T1 Diabetes – how it may be prevented and treated by Vitamin D – Dec 2018
- Vitamin D and Omega-3 may treat Type 1 Diabetes – RCT 2024
- Type 1 Diabetes is increasing – decreased vitamin D is one of the many possible reasons – Sept 2018
- Early Type 1 Diabetes May Shorten Women’s Lives by 18 Years - Aug 2018
- Type 1 Diabetes (T1DM) 1.6 X more likely if low vitamin D – meta-analysis Jan 2018
- Type 1 Diabetes 14 percent more likely with 2 Vitamin D Receptor mutations – Oct 2017
- T1 Diabetes associated with many other autoimmune diseases (all related to low vitamin D) – May 2017
- Vitamin D deficiency is associated with prediabetes in obese Swedish children – Oct 2016
- Type 1 diabetes 1.6 times more likely if a Vitamin D Receptor problem – Feb 2017
- Type II Diabetes in children in India increased 4 X in 20 years – Nov 2016
- Type 1 diabetes risk not decreased if add 400 IU vitamin D while pregnant (no surprise) – Dec 2016
- T1 Diabetes in child not prevented by a tiny amount of vitamin D during pregnancy – Nov 2015
- Diabetes (Type 1) increasing 4 percent per year, now 30,000 in the UK - May 2015
- T1 diabetes in children helped with two doses of 150,000 IU of vitamin D and Calcium – March 2015
- Type I diabetes in dark skin children associated with low vitamin D if far from equator – Jan 2015
- Type 1 diabetes helped with 50,000 IU of vitamin D every two weeks – Nov 2014
- T1 Diabetes associated with low vitamin D - Nov 2014
- Type I Diabetes stopped increasing in Finland after Vitamin D levels were raised – July 2014
- Diabetic children often need more than 7,000 IU of vitamin D – June 2014
- T1 Diabetes 35 percent more likely if 10 degrees further from equator (less vitamin D) – June 2014
- Higher vitamin D at birth associated with less diabetes and obesity 35 years later – Jan 2014
- Type 1 diabetes 3.5X more frequent if low vitamin D - Medscape CME Dec 2012
- Metabolic Syndrome in children is associated with low vitamin D – review Jan 2013
- Like their diabetic mothers, infants had low vitamin D and were slightly diabetic – May 2012
- Type I diabetes 2X more likely if mother had low vitamin D – Jan 2012
Items in both categories Infant-Child and Multiple Sclerosis are listed here:
- Brain and Vitamin D - many studies
- Multiple Sclerosis risk reduced 30 percent for additional 10 ng of vitamin D at birth – Jan 2017
- Multiple sclerosis in children – low vitamin D is a potential factor – Aug 2016
- Hypothesis – Multiple Sclerosis risk increases with low UV, viral infections, and antibiotics in childhood – March 2015
- MS relapse rate for children was 34% less for every extra 10 ng/ml of vit D
Items in both categories Infant-Child and Breathing are listed here:
- Vitamin D levels are low during Recurrent Wheezing - Feb 2024
- Obese asthmatic children Vitamin D - 50,000 IU then 8,000 IU daily - RCT Jan 2024
- France has injected 200,000 infants with RSV vaccine, based on no long-term data - Here we go again - Dec 2023
- Respiratory infections in children 6 X more likely if low Vitamin D (avg of 2 studies) - Aug 2023
- Prevention of allergies, eczema, asthma, in children – Vitamin D during pregnancy is a principal solution – July 2023
- Respiratory infection, children and Vitamin D - many studies
- Asthma by age 7 if wheezing before preschools and poor vitamin D Receptor - May 2023
- 3% fewer respiratory problems in children if single 100K vitamin D in 3rd trimester – May 2023
- Chronic tonsillitis virtually eliminated in children by Vitamin D (50,000 IU weekly) – RCT May 2023
- RSV kills 100,000 children annually around the world (Vitamin D can help)– May 2022
- Small doses of Vitamin D do not reduce childhood breathing allergies – meta-analysis Oct 2022
- Vitamin D reduces childhood allergic airway diseases (confirmed by metabolomics this time) – May 2022
- Wheezing and asthmatic children have weaker Vitamin D responses - May 2022
- Croup (due to viruses) has surged with Omicron - March 2022
- Allergy medications may be improved by Vitamin D (6X for birch pollen in this case) – Aug 2021
- Infant Respiratory Infections not reduced by mothers taking small amount of vitamin D (28,000 weekly)– RCT July 2021
- Recurrent RTI treatment success: Conventional 71 pcnt, Vitamin D 96 pcnt – March 2021
- The 6 percent of infants hospitalized for ARI are 2.2 X more likely to be Vitamin D deficient – April 2021
- Acute pneumonia in children 3X less likely if greater than 30 ng of vitamin D – Jan 2021
- Preemie Respiratory Distress Syndrome is 5X more likely if low vitamin D – Dec 2020
- Recurrent Wheezing in children is associated with low Vitamin D – several studies
- Respiratory viral infection (RSV) and low vitamin D - many studies
- Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Infants reduced 5.9 X by daily 600 IU of vitamin D (China) - March 2020
- Gene which predicts wheezing is associated with low vitamin D – Oct 2019
- Bronchiolitis in children associated with both pollution and low solar – July 2019
- Allergic Rhinitis in infants treated by 1,000 IU vitamin D daily – June 2019
- Asthmatic children 5X more likely to have a poor Vitamin D Receptor – June 2019
- Babies 3.6X more likely to go to hospital for asthma if asthmatic mother had low vitamin D while pregnant – June 2019
- Childhood Asthma somewhat reduced by 2400 IU vitamin D late in pregnancy (néed more, earlier) March 2019
- Respiratory Distress Syndrome in preemies 5 X more likely if poor vitamin D receptor – Feb 2019
- Black infant recurrent wheezing rate dropped from 42 percent to 31 percent with just 400 IU of vitamin D – RCT Dec 2018
- Asthma in child 2.3 X more likely if both parents asthmatic (unless add Vitamin D) – VDAART Nov 2018
- Immature lungs in immature newborns – Vitamin D helps – Sept 2018
- Bronchiolitis had 1.3 X longer hospitalization if low Vitamin D (1016 infants) – Sept 2018
- Pneumonia in Egyptian Children 3.6 X more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – Aug 2018
- Childhood pneumonia not treated by 100,000 IU of vitamin D – Cochrane (need more, inhaled) – July 2018
- Pneumonia is increasing (now 1 in 6 child deaths), more vitamin D studies needed – June 2018
- Childhood Respiratory Health hardly improved with 600 IU of vitamin D (need much more) – May 2018
- Indoor pollution is a problem with obese black asthmatic children – May 2018
- Both parents smoke – child’s vitamin D level was 30 percent lower and worse asthma – May 2018
- Allergic rhinitis in children reduced somewhat during pollen season by just 1,000 IU of vitamin D – RCT Jan 2018
- Half the risk of Influenza -A in infants taking 1200 IU of vitamin D for 4 months – RCT Jan 2018
- Rapid newborn breathing (transient tachypnea) associated with low vitamin D – Dec 2017
- Preemies with poor lungs (Respiratory distress syndrome) have low levels of vitamin D – Nov 2017
- Risk of infant Asthma cut in half if mother supplemented Vitamin D to get more than 30 ng – RCT Oct 2017
- Respiratory infection in infant was 7 X more likely if low cord Vitamin D – March 2017
- Viral Pneumonia in children 52 X more-likely if very low vitamin D (trend) – June 2017
- Childhood asthma problems eliminated for months by 600,000 IU of Vitamin D injection – June 2017
- Childhood allergy, asthma and eczema associated with repeated low vitamin D tests – Oct 2016
- Childhood asthma about 1.3 times more likely if poor Vitamin D Receptor – meta-analysis Aug 2016
Overview Asthma and Vitamin D contains
- Vitamin D Life pages containing ASTHMA in title (162 as of Jan 2024)
- Asthma attacks reduced in half if Vitamin D level higher than 42 nanograms – RCT May 2014
- Started with 100,000 IU loading dose and has standard-of-care Asthma drug
- Asthma may be treated by Vitamin D if more than 40 ng for 12 months – Sept 2018
- Those with Asthma or COPD had half the response to Vitamin D – March 2020
- Those with Asthma need larger doses to get the same response.
- perhaps need gut-friendly Vitamin D
- Asthma occurrence rate reduced 3X by Vitamin D – 8 study meta-analysis - Aug 2021
- Asthma in child 2.3 X more likely if both parents asthmatic (unless add Vitamin D) – VDAART Nov 2018
- Adult-onset asthma 2X more likely if low vitamin D and not hyperallergenic – May 2018
- Children had poor lung function if mothers had low vitamin D while pregnant – Nov 2022
- 26 health factors increase the risk of COVID-19 – all are proxies for low vitamin D
- CDC list of high-risk for COVID-19 includes Asthma
- Child Asthma increased 2.1 X by antibiotics, Child milk allergy increased 4.4 X by PPI – April 2018
- Asthmatic children taking Corticosteroids had 2X more vitamin D intake, but lower levels – July 2017
- Traffic pollution increases asthma unless supplement with Vitamin D (mice) June 2018
- Childhood asthma problems eliminated for months by 600,000 IU of Vitamin D injection – June 2017
- Proof that Vitamin D Works 92 health problems prevented/treated as of Nov 2020
- Asthma has been proven to be treated by Vitamin D in at least 4 random controlled trials
- Childhood asthma still reduced 4 months after 800 IU of Vitamin D daily - RCT Feb 2016
- Respiratory Disease exacerbations (Asthma, CF, COPD) may be treated by Vitamin D – July 2019
- Women with asthma 35X more likely to be vitamin D deficient – Oct 2013
- If high vitamin D during pregnancy the child is 5X less likely to get asthma
- Asthma is treated by Vitamin D – now they are trying to understand why – Feb 2015
- Increase in vitamin D deficiency may partially explain increases in asthma and allergies – Jan 2015
- Why deficiencies in vitamin D and magnesium are linked to asthma Magnesium allows muscles to relax
- Babies 3.6X more likely to go to hospital for asthma if asthmatic mother had low vitamin D while pregnant – June 2019
- The worse the bronchial asthma, the lower the vitamin D – Jan 2017 has the following chart
click on chart to see the studyDownload the PDF from Vitamin D Life
The last couple of decades have seen an explosion in our interest and understanding of the role of vitamin D in the regulation of immunity. At the molecular level, the hormonal form of vitamin D signals through the nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR), a ligand-regulated transcription factor. The VDR and vitamin D metabolic enzymes are expressed throughout the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. The advent of genome-wide approaches to gene expression profiling have led to the identification of numerous VDR-regulated genes implicated in the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. The molecular data infer that vitamin D signaling should boost innate immunity against pathogens of bacterial or viral origin. Vitamin D signaling also suppresses inflammatory immune responses that underlie autoimmunity and regulate allergic responses. These findings have been bolstered by clinical studies linking vitamin D deficiency to increased rates of infections, autoimmunity, and allergies. Our goals here are to provide an overview of the molecular basis for immune system regulation and to survey the clinical data from pediatric populations, using randomized placebo-controlled trials and meta-analyses where possible, linking vitamin D deficiency to increased rates of infections, autoimmune conditions, and allergies, and addressing the impact of supplementation on these conditions.
Partial Table of Contents- 2. Overview of the Molecular Basis for the Non-Classical Actions of Vitamin D in the Immune System
- Antiviral Activity of Vitamin D Signaling: Specific Reference to COVID-19.
- 3. Vitamin D and Infectious Diseases in Pediatric Populations.
- 4. Crohn’s Disease
- 5. Vitamin D Deficiency and Dental Caries
- 6. Links between Vitamin D Deficiency and Autoimmune Conditions in Pediatric Populations.
- 6.1. Juvenile-Onset Type 1 Diabetes.
- 6.2. Multiple Sclerosis
- 6.3. Other Autoimmune Conditions
- 7. Allergic Conditions
- 7.1. Asthma
- 7.2. Other Allergic Conditions
- 7.2.1. Atopic Dermatitis
- 7.2.2. Food Allergies
- 7.2.3. Allergic Rhinitis and Aeroallergen Sensitization
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